Hales, Stephen

Hales, Stephen. Vegetable Staticks On An Account of Some Statical ExperT ments on the Sap in Vegetables Being an Essay towards a Natural History of Vegetation. [London, 1727.] London Oldbourne Reprint, 1961. 

Hales, Stephen. Vegetable Staticks. The Scientific Book Guild, London. 

Hales, Stephen. Vegetable Staticks or, An account of some statical experiments on the sap in vegetables being an essay towards a natural history of vegetation. Also, a specimen of an attempt to analyse the air, by a great variety of chymo-statical experiments, which were read at several meetings before the Royal Society (London W., and J. Innys, 1727). 

Hales, Stephen. La statique des vegetaux et Vanalyse de Vair. Experiences nouvelles lues a la Societe royale de Londres (Paris Debure Fame, 1735). Histoire de VAcademie royale des sciences (1666-1699), 2 vols. (Paris Gabriel Martin, 1733). 

Hales, Stephen (1677-1761) English physiologist, chemist and inventor in Cambridge he studied the role of air and water in the maintenance of both plant and animal life... 

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Stephen Hales, George Dixon, and Bishop Watson afterward made similar experiments. Professor Minckelers of tile University of Louvain distilled gas from powdered coal and lighted his lecture room with it in 1784—85 ( 26). In 1792 William Murdock lighted his house at Redruth, Cornwall, with gas made by the destructive distillation of coal (28). 

Stephen Hales, 1677—1761. British clergyman, biologist, chemist, and inventor. His most important researches were on blood pressure, circulation of sap, respiration, and ventilation... 

Clahk-Kennedy, A E., Stephen Hales, D.D., FRS., University Press,... 

Pneumatic Trough device used to collect and measure the volume of gases invented in 1700s by Stephen Hales, consisted of glass container submerged in water in which gas displaced water... 

Figure 10.3 Dielectric functions of water (Hale and Querry, 1973). c" for ice is taken partly from Irvine and Pollack (1968) and partly from an unpublished compilation of the optical constants of ice, from far ultraviolet to radio wavelengths, by Stephen Warren (to be submitted to Applied Optics).

What introduced air into chemistry was some hard, unarguable evidence that air did indeed enter into the apparent composition of solid bodies/ The evidence could hardly have appeared under a more unlikely title than Vegetable Staticks, published by Stephen Hales (1677-1761) in 1727. The book was in most respects exactly what the title implied, an account of a number of ingenious experiments in the investigation of the flow of the juices within plants. But by far the largest chapter is devoted to Experiments, whereby to prove, that a considerable quantity of air is inspired by Plants. ... 

For an excellent account of Hales influence, see Henry Guerlac, The Continental Reputation of Stephen Hales, Arch. Int. Hist. Sci. 4 (1951) 393-404. 

Stephen Hales, Vegetable Staticks (London Oldbourne Reprint, 1961), Introduction, xxxi, emphasis in the original. 

Stephen Hales, La statique des vigetaux et Lanalyse de I air, traduit de I Anglois par M. de Buffon (Paris, 1735), vii. 

That AIR can also be a part of chemical combination had been pretty much established by the work of Stephen Hales, whose results had been published in his Vegetable Staticks in 1727. As we have seen, this work had been translated into French by Rouelles own sponsor in the Jardin du Roi, Georges Louis Leclerc le conte de Buffon (1707-1788), in 1735. The idea... 

E HAVE SEEN in Chapter Six that even though Stephen Hales had clearly demonstrated the necessity for chemists to include air among the material components of bodies, and that Rouelle had included air in his four Element/Instrument component/operator scheme, air—both as an element and as actual air—continued to be ignored by most mainstream chemists well into the 1760s. Hales, it will be recalled, made no distinction between the different kinds of air that he obtained, and presumably had no thought that there were different kinds. His loyal adherence to the mechanical principles of Newton perhaps precluded the likelihood that he would conceive of air in any way other than mechanically fixed in bodies. 

The Continental Reputation of Stephen Hales. Arch. Int. dHist. 

The first investigator after Mayow to devote any considerable attention to the subject, was an English clergyman, Stephen Hales, who was interested in problems connected with the development of plant life. In connection with this subject, he made many experiments. Hales... 

By the time of the Encyclopedia, however, this had begun to change. One of the first and key sources of change was the invention by the Reverend Stephen Hales of a new instrument, the pneumatic trough. This instrument is important for what it made possible in the handling of air. The history of its invention and early use illustrates the difference there may be between the motives for inventing a device and the ways in which that device is used. 

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