Solid significance

Design Methods for Turbo-Tray Dryers The heat- and mass-transfer mechanisms are similar to those in batch tray diyers, except that constant turning over and mixing of the solids significantly improves diying rates. Design must usually be based on previous installations or pilot tests by the manufacturer apparent heat-transfer... 

Estimating Minimum Sample Quantity for Moisture Measurement Estimates of material quantity for testing moisture content depend on mechanisms of moisture distribution in the material. Moisture is physically retained on particle surfaces, chemically adsorbed on surfaces and within pores of particulate solids, and contained as an internal constituent of solids. Significant internal moisture is most often encountered in organic and agricultural source materials. 

The importance of point defects in a crystal cannot be overstated. They can change the physical properties of a solid significantly. To introduce the range of changes possible, Sections 1.3-1.6 outline some of the physical properties that are influenced in this way. 

In the modern chemical and biochemical research porous materials play an irreplaceable role. The mass transport resistance in the pore structure of the porous solids significantly affects rates of transport processes, which take place inside the porous material (Keil [1], Haugaard and Livbjerg [2], Capek and Seidel-Morgernstern [3]). Inclusion of transport processes into the description of the whole process is essential when reliable simulations/predictions have to be made. 

While thermal energy can be transported through a solid via a variety of different mechanisms [24], the two most important for TE applications are diffusive transport of energy by the mobile charge carriers (electronic thermal conductivity, iCg) and phonons (lattice thermal conductivity, Kl). Since it is a relatively good approximation to treat and Kl as independent for many solids, significant emphasis has been placed on the development of TE materials with low icl values [6]. Amorphous solids are typically characterized by low carrier mobilities and thus low a values, however they also exhibit some of the lowest known thermal conductivities (excluding porous materials) and serve as useful benchmark materials for TE materials research. 

Although pressure does not influence the solubility of a liquid or a solid significantly, it does greatly affect the solubility of a gas. The quantitative relationship between gas solubility and pressure is... 

The progressive cavity pump consists of a rotating cork-screw like sub-surface assembly which is driven by a surface mounted motor. Beam pump rods are used to connect the two. The flowrate achieved is mainly a function of the rotational speed of the subsurface assembly. There Is in principle very little that can go wrong with progressive cavity pumps. Progressive cavity pumps excel in low productivity shallow wells with viscous crude oils and can also handle significant quantities of produced solids. 

In recent years, advances in experimental capabilities have fueled a great deal of activity in the study of the electrified solid-liquid interface. This has been the subject of a recent workshop and review article [145] discussing structural characterization, interfacial dynamics and electrode materials. The field of surface chemistry has also received significant attention due to many surface-sensitive means to interrogate the molecular processes occurring at the electrode surface. Reviews by Hubbard [146, 147] and others [148] detail the progress. In this and the following section, we present only a brief summary of selected aspects of this field. 

An important approach to the study of nucleation of solids is the investigation of small droplets of large molecular clusters. Years ago, Turnbull showed that by studying small droplets one could eliminate impurities in all except a few droplets and study homogeneous nucleation at significant undercoolings [13]. 

The matter of rfi is of some importance to the estimation of solid interfacial tensions and has yet to be resolved. On one hand, it has been shown that the Giralfco and Good model carries the implication of rr being generally significant [10], and on the other hand, both Good [193] and Fowkes [145] propose equations that predict... 

There is a number of very pleasing and instructive relationships between adsorption from a binary solution at the solid-solution interface and that at the solution-vapor and the solid-vapor interfaces. The subject is sufficiently specialized, however, that the reader is referred to the general references and, in particular, to Ref. 153. Finally, some studies on the effect of high pressure (up to several thousand atmospheres) on binary adsorption isotherms have been reported [154]. Quite appreciable effects were found, indicating that significant partial molal volume changes may occur on adsorption. 

Except for gases, it is very difficult to detennine Cy. For a solid or liquid the pressure developed in keeping the volume constant when the temperature is changed by a significant amount would require a vessel so massive that most of the total heat capacity would be that of the container. It is much easier to measure the difference... 

One of the most important advances in electrochemistry in the last decade was tlie application of STM and AFM to structural problems at the electrified solid/liquid interface [108. 109]. Sonnenfield and Hansma [110] were the first to use STM to study a surface innnersed in a liquid, thus extending STM beyond the gas/solid interfaces without a significant loss in resolution. In situ local-probe investigations at solid/liquid interfaces can be perfomied under electrochemical conditions if both phases are electronic and ionic conducting and this... 

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