Of hydrocarbons, reviews

Classification of Hydrocarbons (Review) 87 3-2 Molecular Formulas of Alkanes 88 3-3 Nomenclature of Alkanes 89... 

Methanol. Methyl alcohol carbinol wood spirit wood alcohol, CH4Oi mot wt 32,04, C 37.48%, H 12.58%, 0 49.93%, CHjOH. Originally obtained by the destructive distillation of wood, now usually manuf from hydrogen and carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, also by oxidation of hydrocarbons.. Review Faith, Keyes Clark s Industrial Chemicals, F. A. Lowenheim, M. K. Moran, Eds. (Wiley-Interscience. New York, 4th ed., 1975) pp 524-529 L. E. Wade et at, in Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology vol. IS (Wjley-Interscience, New York, 3rd ed., 1981) pp 398-415. 

Nitriles. Nitriles can be prepared by a number of methods, including ( /) the reaction of alkyl haHdes with alkaH metal cyanides, (2) addition of hydrogen cyanide to a carbon—carbon, carbon—oxygen, or carbon—nitrogen multiple bond, (2) reaction of hydrogen cyanide with a carboxyHc acid over a dehydration catalyst, and (4) ammoxidation of hydrocarbons containing an activated methyl group. For reviews on the preparation of nitriles see references 14 and 15. 

As a starting point, the book reviews the general properties of the raw materials. This is followed by the different techniques used to convert these raw materials to the intermediates, which are further reacted to produce the petrochemicals. The first chapter deals with the composition and the treatment techniques of natural gas. It also reviews the properties, composition, and classification of various crude oils. Properties of some naturally occurring carbonaceous substances such as coal and tar sand are briefly noted at the end of the chapter. These materials are targeted as future energy and chemical sources when oil and natural gas are depleted. Chapter 2 summarizes the important properties of hydrocarbon intermediates and petroleum fractions obtained from natural gas and crude oils. 

Here we present new data on various ion-molecule reactions occurring in the radiolysis and photoionization of hydrocarbons. We will also review some earlier findings which will illustrate the kind of information which can be derived from the approach mentioned above. 

For reviews of double-bond migrations, see Pines, H. Stalick, W.M. Base-Catalyzed Reactions of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds , Academic Press NY, 1977, p. 25 ... 

Tervalent organophosphorus compounds containing one single P-N bond with the valency of each atom saturated by protons or carbons (but no other heteroatoms) have been known since their discovery by MichaeUs more than one century ago [ 1 ] and named indistinctly as aminophosphanes, phosphanamines, phosphazanes, or phosphinous amides. This last chemical nomenclature is the one used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for indexing these compounds and is also the one that best delimits the scope of this review those species derived from the parent H2P-NH2 (phosphinous amide in CAS nomenclature) by partial or total substitution of protons by hydrocarbon radicals (Table 1). 

Reviews on the microbial metabolism of hydrocarbons with biochemical aspects are available, and inclnde those of Britton (1984) on alkanes, and of Morgan and Watkinson (1994) that also includes cycloalkanes and some aromatic compounds. Virtually all the issues that are discussed in these recur in the examples that are used as illustration. Some broad generalizations are summarized ... 

The analysis methods are national in scope and address emissions from a wide variety of industrial and community source types. The materials reviewed are of widely disparate natures. They include metals, and bulk and trace hydrocarbons, including chlorinated and oxide derivatives of hydrocarbons. The analyses are intended to be preliminary screening analyses for use in scoping and prioritizing regulatory attention to toxic exposures from the chemicals studied. 

A review by Klemm and co-workers4 contains a brief but up-to-date discussion on the thiophene-forming reactions of hydrocarbons with sulfur. Thiophene itself is produced commercially by such a reaction more complex examples have been reported recently.21... 

Arcuri, K. B., andLeviness, S. C. 2003. The regeneration of hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst, a partial review of the related art published during 1930 to 1952. Paper presented at the AIChE Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, April 2. www.fischer-tropsch.org. 

Eastcott, L., Shiu, W.Y., Mackay, D. (1988) Environmentally relevant physical-chemical properties of hydrocarbons A review of data and development of simple correlations. Oil Chem. Pollut. 4, 191-216. 

In the last two decades, there has been a large accumulation of experimental evidence as well as of theoretical interpretations of intramolecular reactions. One notes, however, that attention has been focused on the phenomena of immediate interest to the various specialists. As a consequence of the fact that specialisation implies intensification of knowledge on the one hand but limitation on the other, there has still been insufficient communication and cross-fertilisation between the different schools. This situation is well exemplified by the two most extensive reviews on intramolecular phenomena, namely, that of Kirby (1980), entitled Effective Molarities for Intramolecular Reactions , and that of Winnik (1981a), entitled Cyclisation and the Conformation of Hydrocarbon Chains , which present different approaches and apparently unrelated facts and theories. 

The classic platinum(O) approach to C-H activation, yielding platinum(II) alkyl hydrides as the oxidative addition products, contributed significantly to our understanding of C-H activation. However, the platinum(II)/(IV) approach has proven capable of achieving oxidative functionalization of hydrocarbons, and so this review focuses on the higher oxidation state. 

In the present review, first we will describe how to fabricate artificial photosynthetic reaction center in nanometer scales by making use of phase separation in mixed monolayers of hydrocarbon (HC) and fluorocarbon (FC) amphiphiles [2,5,20-26] as shown in Fig. 2b [3]. The phase separated structures were studied by SPMs such as AFM, SSPM, and scanning near-field optical/atomic force microscopy (SNOAM) [27-33] as well as a conventional local surface analysis by SIMS [3,5], The model anionic and cationic HC amphiphilic... 

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