Of fish oils

C22H34O2. A straight-chain fatty acid with 5 double bonds. A major component of fish oils and the oils of marine animals, clupeine Protamine class protein found in the sperm and testicles of the herring. On hydrolysis it gives about 90% of argenine. 

Quantitative analysis. Spectroscopic analysis is widely used in the analysis of vitamin preparations, mixtures of hydrocarbons (e.y., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) and other systems exhibiting characteristic electronic spectra. The extinction coefficient at 326 mp, after suitable treatment to remove other materials absorbing in this region, provides the best method for the estimation of the vitamin A content of fish oils. 

For cats, add 10 lU vitamin E above minimum level per gram of fish oil per kilogram of diet. 

Apphcations include ka olin clay dewatering, separation of fish oils from press Hquor, starch and gluten concentration, clarification of wet-process phosphoric acid, tar sands, and concentrations of yeast, bacteria, and fungi from growth media in protein synthesis (14). 

TOPPING D L, ILLMAN R J, ROACH P D, TRIMBLE R P, KAMBOURIS A, NESTED P J (1990) Modulation of hypolipidemic effect of fish oil by dietary fiber in rats studies with rice bran and wheat bran. JNutr, 120(4) 325-30. 

K Heinzelmann, K Franke. Using freezing and drying techniques of emulsions for the microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidation stability. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 12(3—6) 223—229, 1999. 

Perhaps in light of the mechanism-based side effects, the therapeutic potential of SCD inhibitors has not been fully evaluated. The possibility exists that at least some of the chronic effects of SCD inhibition might be prevented by coadministration of fish oils or potentially a Toll4 antagonist [20]. However, coformulation of an SCD inhibitor with fish oil has not been reported. Another possibility is that SCD inhibitors with appropriate PK and tissue partitioning properties may limit mechanism-based side effects. 

Gallbladder had 85% of radioactivity. Tb 1/2 values were 0.8 days for liver, 3.3 days for intestine, 3.5 days for gallbladder, and 8.2 days for liver Diets rich in fish oils produced marked increases in activities of P-450 cytochromes, 7-EROD, and other enzyme activities bass fed diets devoid of fish oil had lower microsomal enzyme activities... 

Adverse effects of fish oils include fishy aftertaste, nausea, and diarrhea. 

In epidemiologic studies, ingestion of large amounts of cold-water oily fish was associated with a reduction in CHD risk. Fish oil supplementation has a fairly large effect in reducing triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, but it either has no effect on total and LDL cholesterol or may cause elevations in these fractions. Other actions of fish oil may account for any cardioprotective effects. 

Complications of fish oil supplementation such as thrombocytopenia and bleeding disorders have been noted, especially with high doses (EPA, 15 to 30 g/day). 

Consumption of fish oil in excess can generate immunotoxic effects in laboratory animals. Rats fed a 17% fish oil diet had reduced wound-healing responses when compared to com oil [59], In a mouse model of bacterial resistance to S. typhimurium, lower survival rates were reported for those animals that ingested a 20% fish oil diet over 15 days [59], Similar fish oil-induced effects in guinea pigs were noted in a study of experimental tuberculosis leading the authors to conclude that this treatment resulted in decreased resistance to infectious disease. The consumption of fish oil has also been reported to result in alterations of hemostatic parameters such as platelet production and function. However, there is no indication that at doses normally consumed by humans, immunotoxicity will occur. 

A number of studies in humans show that PUFAs can generate significant immunomodulatory effects. Generally, these studies have utilized considerably lower amounts of fish oil to treat subjects than found in most animal studies. Numerous clinical trials have examined the effects of fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis and many have reported statistically significant benefits such as decreased morning stiffness and numbers of tender joints [57]. Several other studies have reported that PUFAs can provide therapeutic benefits for patients with IgA nephropathy, the most common primary human glomerulonephritis... 

Bums, C. P., and Wagner, B. A., 1991, Heightened susceptibility of fish oil polyunsamrate-enriched neoplastic cells to ethane generation during Upid peroxidation, J. Lipid Res. 32 79-87. 

Ihe end products of the hydrogenatiai of fish oils used in margarines have been examined for their relation to the develc ent of heart disease, a concern which is in direct contrast to fish oil s potentially protective effects. 

SCCO2 fractionation of fish oil ethyl esters was employed to prepare ethyl esters of two omega-3 fatty acids. The triacylglycerol products were isolated using supercritical fluid fractionation (Nilsson et al., 1989). 

Neschen, S., Moore, I., Regittnig, W., Yu, C. L., Wang, Y., Pypaert, M., Petersen, K. F., and Shulman, G. I. (2002). Contrasting effects of fish oil and safflower oil on hepatic peroxisomal and tissue lipid content. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 282, E395-E401. 

Fish oil has been one of the hottest topics in general nutrition and health care over the past few years, mainly because it is primarily composed of - fatty acids. The benefits of fish oil have a strong foundation in well-documented scientific studies, the most important ones dealing with the treatment of heart disease. Treatment of any condition associated with essential fatty acid changes inevitably involves the use of fish oil or more specific mixtures of the primary important essential fatty acids [14]. 

Figure 2.3 Scanning electron micrographs of fish oil microcapsules which were microencapsulated with different concentrations of sugar beet pectin (A and D 1.1% B and C 2.2%) and different oil loads (A and C 50% B and D 20%). Reproduced from Dmsch (2007) with permission.

All these microcapsules were found to be roughly spherical in shape and of similar size (14-18 pm) (Drusch, 2007). A mixture of chitosan, maltodextrin and whey protein isolate was also found to be also a good wall material for encapsulation of fish oil using an ultrasonic atomizer followed by freeze-drying of the microcapsules (Klaypradit and Huang,... 

Kagami, Y., Sugimura, S., Fujishima, N., Matsuda, K., Kometani, T., Matsumura, Y. (2003). Oxidative stability, structure, and physical characteristics of microcapsules formed by spray drying of fish oil with protein and dextrin wall materials. Journal of Food Science, 68, 2248-2255. 

Materials,—The materials used in the manufacture of soap, are the various kinds of oil or fat, resin, and the alkalies, potassa and soda. All oils and fats of whatever kind, vegetal or animal, yield soaps, when treated with alkali, as will he subsequently described. Only a very limited number, however, is used in thiB manufacture and these such as may be obtained at a very low price compared with that of the others. In Great Britain palm-oil is probably consumed in greater quantity than any other, and principally in the production of hard soap for soft soaps, the various kiuds of fish-oils, the drying oils from seeds, and tallow are mostly employed. 

Brunner et al [1, 2] investigated separations of fatty acids according to chain length, using methyl esters of different carbon chain length from C14 to Cl8, separation of tocopherols from a by-product of the edible oil production and separation of fish oil esters [3], Stahl et al [4] proposed the supercritical fractionation of orange peel oil and Reverchon et al [5,6] of an orange flower concrete. Different authors treated citrus peel oil [7,8] and citrus oil [9-12]. 

Figure 8.1-8. Return on Investment (ROI) for the compressor process of fish-oil fractionation at different solvent/feed ratios, depending on variable benefits per kg of product.

Figure D1.2.3 Sample GC chromatogram of the FAME of fish oil (menhaden oil) prepared using the boron trifluoride method (see Basic Protocol 1). Equipment DB-23 fused silica capillary column, 30 m x 0.32 mm i.d., 0.25 pm film thickness, FID detector. Temperature, injector 225°C detector 250°C. Column (oven) temperature program 140°C initial, hold 2 min, ramp to 198°C at 1.5°C/min, hold 20 min. Total run time was 60 min. Split injection.

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