Oceans trace metals

Honeyman BD, Balistrieri LS, Murray JW (1988) Oceanic trace metal scavenging the importance of particle concentration. Deep-Sea Res 35(2) 227-246... 

Table II. Bisulfide Complexation Constants (K in Equation 7) for Selected Oceanic Trace Metals, all as Base 10 Logarithms. Parenthetical Entries have been Estimated Through linear Free Energy Comparisons Others are Taken from References (191 or (311. for 25°C, and an Ionic Strength of 1.0 in Most Cases...

Honeyman, B.D., and Santschi, P.H. (1989) A Brownian-pumping model for oceanic trace metal scavenging evidence from Th isotopes. J. Mar. Res. 47, 951-992. 

Increased concentration of toxic trace metals in the oceans, liberated by hydrothermal fluids from oceanic plateau lava piles, may well have been a contributory factor to the demise of some marine organisms around the CTB (Wilde et al., 1990). The upwelling of deep ocean trace metals and... 

Moran S. B. and Buesseler K. O. (1993) Size-fractionated " Th in continental-shelf waters off New-England— implications for the role of coUoids in oceanic trace-metal scavenging. J. Mar. Res. 51(4), 893-922. 

On the whole, however, the size of the ocean precludes major enhancements of oceanic trace metal concentrations. Even where the enhancement is clear, such as for Pb, the concentrations are quite low and there is no reason to suppose that these enhancements pose a threat to marine biota. 

Surface water enrichment is the result of aeolian and fluvial inputs, which are thought to be the most important sources of Th to the ocean. Thorinm-232 has been proposed as a link between the radiogenic thorium isotopes and trace metals and anthropogenic pollutants. " While the pathways are very different for the radiogenic thorium isotopes, Th is delivered to the ocean in a fashion similar to many pollutants and trace metals. For example, Guo et found Th distributions in the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the North Atlantic Ocean agreed well with the general distribution pattern of aluminum. 

Fig. 15-5 Comparative adsorption of several metals onto amorphous iron oxyhydroxide systems containing 10 M Fej and 0.1 m NaNOs. (a) Effect of solution pH on sorption of uncomplexed metals, (b) Comparison of binding constants for formation of soluble Me-OH complexes and formation of surface Me-O-Si complexes i.e. sorption onto Si02 particles, (c) Effect of solution pH on sorption of oxyanionic metals. (Figures (a), (c) reprinted with permission from Manzione, M. A. and Merrill, D. T. (1989). "Trace Metal Removal by Iron Coprecipitation Field Evaluation," EPRI report GS-6438, Electric Power Research Institute, California. Figure (b) reprinted with permission from Balistrieri, L. et al. (1981). Scavenging residence times of trace metals and surface chemistry of sinking particles in the deep ocean, Deep-Sea Res. 28A 101-121, Pergamon Press.)...

Why are the oceans so depleted in these trace metals Certainly it is not for the lack of availability from rock weathering or because of constraints imposed by the solubility of any unique compound of these elements. The reason must lie in the dynamics of the system of delivery of the metals to the oceans and their subsequent behavior in an ocean that cannot be simulated by simple in vitro experiments involving homogeneous reaction kinetics. 

Balistrieri, L., Brewer, P. G. and Murray, J. W. (1981). Scavenging residence times of trace metals and surface chemistry of sinking particles in the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 28A, 101-121. 

National Research Coundl Canada (1992) Certified Reference Material NASS-4 Open Ocean Seawater Reference Material for Trace Metals. National Research Council of Canada. Ottawa. National Research Council Canada (1995) Certified Reference Material CARP-i Groimd Whole Carp Reference Material for Organochlorine Compounds. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. 

Chung Y, Finkel R, Bacon MP, Cochran JK, Krishnaswami S (1983) Intercomparison of °Pb measurements at GEOSECS station 500 in the northeast Pacific. Earth Planet Sci Lett 65 393-405 Chung Y, Finkel R (1988) Po-210 in the Western Indian-ocean - distributions, disequilibria and partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases. Earth Planet Sci Lett 88 232-240 Clegg SL, Whitfield M (1991) A generalized model for the scavenging of trace metals in the open ocean -... 

Clegg SL, Whitfield M (1992) A generalized model for the scavenging of trace metals in the open ocean -... 

Heussner S, Cherry RD, Heyraud M (1990) Po-210 and Pb-210 in sediment trap particles on a Mediterranean continental margin. Cont. Shelf Res 10 989-100 Heyraud M, Cherry RD (1983) Correlation of Po-210 and Pb-210 enrichments in the sea-surface microlayer with neuston biomass. Cont Shelf Res 1 283-293 Honeyman BD, Santschi PH (1989)The role of particles and colloids in the transport of radionuclides and trace metals in the oceans. In Environmental particles. Buffle J, van Leewen HP (eds) Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, p 379-423... 

Several round-robin intercalibrations for trace metals in seawater [26-30] have demonstrated a marked improvement in both analytical precision and numerical agreement of results among different laboratories. However, it has often been claimed that spurious results for the determination of metals in seawater can arise unless certain sampling devices and practical methods of sampler deployment are applied to the collection of seawater samples. It is therefore desirable that the biases arising through the use of different, commonly used sampling techniques be assessed to decide upon the most appropriate technique ) for both oceanic baseline and nearshore pollution studies. 

Manganese and many other trace metals are present in open ocean waters at concentrations in the order of nmol/1 or less, and it is only relatively recently, when adequate contamination control measures have been applied during sampling and measurements, that accurate data have been obtained. 

Greig, R.A., D.R. Wenzloff, A. Adams, B. Nelson, and C. Shelpuk. 1977. Trace metals in organisms from ocean disposal sites of the middle eastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6 395-409. 

Reynolds, B.H. 1979. Trace metals monitoring at two ocean disposal sites. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/3-79-037. 64 pp. (Avail, from Nat. Tech. Inf. Serv., U.S. Dep. Comm., Springfield, VA 22161). 

Petri, G. and G.P Zauke. 1993. Trace metals in crustaceans in the Antarctic Ocean. Ambio 22 529-536. 

Pesch, G., B. Reynolds, and P. Rogerson. 1977. Trace metals in scallops from within and around two ocean disposal sites. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8 224-228. 

The systematic removal of elements by runoff and the reimmobilization from solution by organic matter are continuously counterbalanced by the new input of chemical species, which maintain both biological and biogeochemical cycles. The main sources of water-soluble elements are oceanic aerosols deposited on the land surface and the weathering of rocks. The airborne input of the trace metals may be ranked as follows for the Spitzbergen island ecosystems (Table 4). 

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