Oceans blooms

Another aspect of the contribution of different species to global DMSP production is related to their ability to form blooms. Although Table 1 shows that the haptophytes do not have unusually high concentrations of DMSP per cell, the ability of Phaeocystis sp. and Emiliania huxleyi to dominate phytoplankton biomass during the formation of extensive coastal and oceanic blooms can result in elevated levels of DMS(P) (Table 2). These species therefore have received a great deal of research attention. Phaeocystis particularly is known to form almost mono-specific spring blooms. Within such blooms, DMSP production is constrained by abiotic factors that affect cell physiology and the ability to produce and retain DMS(P). This topic is explored in the next section. 

Bopp L, Boucher O, Aumont O, Belviso S, Dufresne JL, Pham M, Monfray P (2004) Will marine dimethylsulfide emissions amplify or alleviate global warming A model study. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 61 826-835 Bouillon RC, Miller WL (2004) Determination of apparent quantum yield spectra of DMS photo-degradation in an in situ iron-induced Northeast Pacific Ocean bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 Article no. L06310 Bouillon RC, Miller WL (2005) Photodegradation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in natural waters Laboratory assessment of the nitrate-photolysis-induced DMS oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 39 9471-9477... 

Frew, R., Bowie, A., Croot, P., Pickmere, S. (2001). Macronutrient and trace-metal geochemistry of an in situ iron-induced Southern Ocean bloom. Deep-Sea Res. II48, 2467—2482. 

Most commercial marine diatomite deposits exploit accumulations resulting from large blooms of diatoms that occurred ia the oceans during the Miocene geological epoch. Diatomite sediments older than the Jurassic period are rare in the fossil record. Commercial deposits of diatomite are accumulations of the fossil skeletons, which can occur in beds as thick as 900 m in some locations (5). Marine deposits must have been formed on the bottom of protected basins or other bodies of quiet water, undisturbed by strong currents, in an environment similar to the existing Santa Barbara Channel or Gulf of California (3,6). 

Mills, C. E. (2001). Jellyfish blooms are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions. Hydrobiologia 451 55-68. 

Straight-chain detergents don t work in hard water. Phosphates were added to detergents to soften the water, but phosphates are excellent fertilizer for algae in rivers and oceans. The algae blooms deplete the oxygen in the water, which in turn kills fish. Phosphates were replaced with other water softeners such as sodium carbonate and EDTA. 

Coale, K. H., Johnson, K. S., Fitzwater, S. E. et al. (1996). A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383, 495-501. 

Cutler KB, Edwards RL, Taylor FW, Cheng H, Adkins J, Gallup CD, Cutler PM, Btrrr GS, Chappell J, Bloom AL (2003) Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial. Earth Planet Sci Lett, in press... 

Figure 3. Time series of nitrate (Slagle and Heimerdinger 1991) and dissolved, particulate, and total in surface water at 47°N, 20°W (Atlantic Ocean) in April-May 1989. activity calculated as 0.0686 salinity (Chen et al. 1986). The production of biogenic particles during the bloom enhances the scavenging of Th, resulting in growing disequilibrium with time due to sinking of particles.

Cochran JK, Buesseler KO, Bacon MP, Livingston HD (1993). Thorium isotopes as indicators of particle dynamics in the upper ocean Results from the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea... 

Mumane RJ, Cochran JK, Sarmiento JL (1994) Estimates of particle- and thorium-cycling rates in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res 99 3373-3392 Mumane RJ, Cocliran JK, Buesseler KO, Bacon MP (1996) Least-squares estimates of thorium, particle and nutrient cycling rate constants from the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea Res 1 43(2) 239-258... 

Niven SEH, Kepkay PE, Boraie A (1995) Colloidal organic carbon and colloidal dynamics during a coastal phytoplankton bloom. Deep-Sea Res II 42 257-273 Nozaki Y, Thomson J, Turekian KK (1976) The distribution of Pb-210 and Po-210 in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 32 304-312... 

Clegg SL, Whitfield M (1993) Application of a generalized scavenging model to time series " Th and particle data during the JGQFS North Atlantic bloom experiment. Deep-Sea Res 40(8) 1529-1545 Cocluan JK (1992) The oceanic chemistry of the uranium and thorium series nuclides. In Uranium-series disequilibrium Applications to earth, marine, and enviromnental sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Qxford University Press, Qxford p 334-395... 

L. Lampert, B. Queguiner, T. Labasque, A. Pichon and N. Lebreton, Spatial variability of phytoplankton composition and biomass on the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (north-east Atlantic Ocean). Evidence for a bloom of Emiliana huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) in spring 1998. Coni. Shelf Res. 22 (2002) 1225-1247. 

An early attempt to resolve the discrepancy between the high values of Sugimura and Suzuki (1988) and more traditional analyses failed to reach a definitive conclusion (Williams, 1992). The start of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) field program with the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment in 1989 put additional pressure on the various groups to resolve this issue quickly. The National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) funded a workshop held in Seattle in July 1991 to resolve the issue. 

Grant KM, Dickens GR (2002) Coupled productivity and carbon isotope records in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the late Miocene-early Pliocene biogenic bloom. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoceanography 187 61-82... 

Shellfish accumulate dangerous levels of PSP only under certain conditions. Typically, this occurs when the microorganisms undergo periods of very rapid growth, resulting from the simultaneous occurrence of several favorable environmental conditions. This growth, or bloom, frequently imparts a red color to the affected area of the ocean, and is referred to as a red tide. Shellfish growing in a red tide area can accumulate lethal amounts of PSP. 

Background biomass of phytoplankton. Do not bloom in the open ocean and have low seasonality... 

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