Nitrogen ocean water

TABLE 11.3. Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Ocean Waters... 

Finally, the del value is zero when the sample and the standard have the same isotopic composition. The international standards for O, C, H, N, and S are Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) carbonate fossil, SMOW, atmospheric nitrogen (N2), and the Canyon Diablo Triolite (CDT) iron meteorite, respectively (table 7.6 Fame, 1986). More specifically, the13C/12C of natural materials and standards is determined using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (for details, see Hayes, 1983 Boutton, 1991). 

Meanwhile, gases originally trapped below the surface were released into the atmosphere through volcanic eruptions and other crust openings. The atmosphere began to fill with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. Oceans developed as water vapor condensed and fell as rain in ceaseless storms. Large amounts of carbon dioxide were... 

Wong, C. S., Yu, Z., Waser, N. A. D., Whimey, F. A., andjohnson, W. K. (2002). Seasonal changes in the distribution of dissolved organic nitrogen in coastal and open-ocean waters in the North East Pacific sources and sinks. Deep-Sea Research II 49(24—25), 5759—5773. 

Zubkov, M. V., Fuchs, B. M., Tarran, G. A., Burkill, P. H., and Amann, R. (2003). High rate of uptake of organic nitrogen compounds by Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria as a key to their dominance in oligotrophic oceanic waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 1299—1304. 

Paerl, H. W., WrUey, J. D., Go, M., Peierls, B. L., Pinckney, J. L., and Fogel, M. L. (1999). Rainfall stimrdation of primary production in Western Atlantic Ocean waters Roles of different nitrogen sources and co-hmiting nutrients. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 176, 205—214. 

Paerl, H. W., and Fogel, M. L. (1994). Isotopic characterization of atmospheric nitrogen inputs as sources of enhanced primary production in coastal Atlantic Ocean waters. Mar. Biol. 119, 635—645. Paerl, H. W., Dennis, R. L., and Whitah, D. R. (2002). Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen Implications for nutrient over-enrichment of coastal waters. Estuaries 25, 677—693. 

Cherrier, J., and Bauer, J. E. (2004). Bacterial utilization of transient plankton-derived dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen inputs in surface ocean waters. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 35, 229-241. 

Raimbault, P., and Garcia, N. (2008). Evidence for efficient regenerated production and dinitrogen fixation in nitrogen-deficient waters of the South Pacific Ocean impact on new and export production estimates. Biogeosciences 5, 323-338. 

Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios are normally reported relative to the standard mean ocean water (SMOW) standard (Craig, 1961b) or the equivalent Vienna-SMOW (V-SMOW) standard. Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratios are reported relative to the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) or Vienna-PDB (VPDB), ambient air (AIR), and Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) standards, respectively, as defined later. The use of the V before SMOW or PDB indicates that the measurements were calibrated on normalized per mil scales (Coplen, 1996). 

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