Occurrence in Sewage Sludge

While variety of pharmaceutical residues have been detected in effluent and surface water samples, only few works have been reported regarding their occurrence in sewage sludge samples. 

Jobst H (1995) Chlorophenols and nonylphenols in sewage sludges. Part I occurrence in sewage sludges of Western German treatment plants from 1987 to 1989. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 23 20-25... 

It is estimated that worldwide demand for TBBPA in 2001 was some 120,000 tonnes" and concern over this chemical (and related phenols) has arisen due to its occurrence in sewage sludge, aquatic sediments and fish. 

To date literature on UV filters levels in sewage sludge is very scarce, and only results relative to some compounds are available. To the author s knowledge, there are only four studies [20-23] on the occurrence of UV filters in sewage sludge. 

The occurrence and fate of hormones in sewage sludge have received much less attention when compared to hormones present in liquid effluents. For information concerning the presence of hormones in liquid effluents see chapter by Eljarrat et al., this volume [172],... 

Nieto A, Borrull F, Pocumll E, Marce RM (2010) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in sewage sludge. Environ Toxicol Chem 29 1484-1489... 

Table 2 Occurrence and removal of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge after treatment in a bioslurry reactor with T. versicolor... 

Macrolide antibiotics (clarithromycin, dehydroerythromycin, etc.) and sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, and sulfathi-azole) are the most prevalent antibiotics found in the environment with levels around a few micrograms per liter, whereas fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and penicillins have been detected in fewer cases and usually at low concentrations (nanograms per liter) [3,20,23,72]. This result is not surprising, since penicillins are easily hydrolyzed and tetracyclines readily precipitate with cations such as calcium and are accumulated in sewage sludge or sediments. Several reviews have reported the environmental occurrence of different antibiotics in aquatic and soil compartments. Some of these data are detailed in Table 1. 

Perez, S. Farre, M. Garcia, M.J. Barcelo, D. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge and their contribution to its toxicity in the ToxAlert 100 bioassay. Chemosphere 2001, 45, 705-712. 

Hani, H. 1991. Heavy metals in sewage sludge and town waste compost. In E. Merian, Ed. Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment Occurrence, Analysis, and Biological Relevance. VCH Publishers, New York, pp. 357-368. 

Occurrence and fate of antibiotics as trace contaminants in wastewaters, sewage sludges, and surface waters. Chimia 59 485 91... 

Chau YK, Zhang S, Maguire RJ (1992) Occurrence of butyltin speeies in sewage and sludge in Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 121 271-281. 

Gago-Ferrero P, Diaz-Cruz MS, Barcelo D (2011) Occurrence of multiclass UV filters in treated sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere 84(8) 1158-1165... 

Brunner PH, Capri S, Marcomini A, Giger W (1988) Occurrence and behaviour of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, nonylphenol, nonylphenol mono- and nonylphenol diethoxylates in sewage and sewage sludge treatment. Water Res 22 1465-1472... 

Lee HB, Peart TE, Chan J, Gris G (2004) Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in sewage and sludge samples in Toronto, Canada. Water Qual Res J Canada 39 57-63... 

Jelic A, Gros M, Ginebreda A, Cespedes-Sanchez R, Ventura F, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2011) Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment Water Res 45 1165-1176... 

By providing more information on the identity of mutagenic compounds, their frequency of occurrence, their possible source, and their levels in sewage treatment plant sludges, our research will assist in the definition of waste management practices. 

ND-9.4 ppt). The widespread occurrence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in U S. urban soils at levels of 0.001-0.01 ppb suggests that local combustion sources, including industrial and municipal waste incinerators, are the probable sources of the trace 2,3,7,8-TCDD soil concentrations found in those locations (Nestrick et al. 1986). Soil samples collected in the vicinity of a sewage sludge incinerator were compared with soil samples from rural and urban sites in Ontario, Canada (Pearson et al. 1990). 

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