Occupational exposures and

Most of the hterature reviewed concerning the health effects of endosulfan in humans described case reports of occupational exposure and accidental or intentional ingestion of endosulfan. The cases of occupational exposure to endosulfan concerned exposures of acute-to-intermediate durations, and the cases of oral exposure were exclusively acute-duration exposure situations. The predominant route of exposure in the occupational case reports is believed to be inhalation, but the possibility of some degree of dermal exposure cannot be ruled out. The information on human exposure is limited because the possibility of concurrent exposure to other pesticides or other toxic substances cannot be excluded. In addition, the precise duration and level of exposure to endosulfan generally cannot be quantified from the information presented in these reports. 

Cordoer S, Ha M-C, Ayme S, et al. 1992. Maternal occupational exposure and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 18 11-17. 

Pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, are widely used in agriculture, and the potential for these residues to accumulate in food has led to concern for human safety. Pesticide residues may enter food animals from environmental sources or from treated or contaminated feeds. Immunoassay development for pesticides has had major impacts for pesticide registrations, analysis of residues in foods, monitoring environmental contamination, determination of occupational exposure, and integration of pest management. 

For human health risk assessment, it is necessary to elaborate realistic scenarios. Knowledge of real scenarios where the contaminant is emitted to the environment will help to obtain information about the fate and transport of the contaminant once emitted to the environment and the route of exposure for the human beings living in this scenario of concern. There are different types of exposure, i.e., direct, indirect (as is the case of food contaminated by the air, water, or soil contaminated by the emission), occupational exposure, and consumer goods coming from outside the scenario of concern. Depending on the objective of the study, it will be necessary to consider in the exposure assessment one or more types of exposure. 

The specific values of the physical and biological characteristics such as breathing patterns for occupational exposure and active and resting patterns for environmental exposure are given in the footnotes to the Tables. A few remarks should be made concerning the parameters used which affect the dose calculation significantly. 

Nati onal Cancer concerning Insti tute Case control epidemiology study occupational exposure and cancer risk in Turkey in workers exposed between 1978 and 1984 ... 

In a study conducted at the Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute (ITR1), rats were exposed for up to 30 months, 7 h/day, 5 days/wk, to diesel exhaust containing 0, 0.35, 3.5, or 7.1 mg soot/m3 of air. The diesel engine exhaust was generated as indicated in the section of this paperon "Physical/Chemical Characteristics of Diesel Soot." The lowest exposure concentration, 0.35 mg soot/m3, is directly relevant to some occupational exposures and is 10 to 100 times higher than any current or anticipated environmental exposures. Observations of the animals were made at 6-mo intervals and included measures of dosimetry (mg soot/g lung),... 

Bovenzi, M. et al., A case-control study of occupational exposures and systemic sclerosis, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 77, 10, 2004. 

Occupational exposures and the study with human volunteers indicate that exposures at low concentrations cause headaches and signs of central nervous system depression. No headaches were reported and no equilibrium disturbances were measured during occupational exposures of healthy workers to Otto Fuel II (measured as PGDN) at concentrations <0.22 ppm (average of approximately 0.06 ppm) for periods of 30-60 min, although subtle changes in eye movements were recorded (Horvath et al. 1981). In a study with healthy but previously unexposed male volunteers, the threshold for odor detection was 0.2 ppm (Stewart et al. 1974). Mild headaches were reported in one of three subjects after a 6-h exposure at 0.1 ppm, in two of three subjects after a 2-h exposure at 0.2 ppm, and in one of three subjects after a 1-h exposure at 0.5 ppm. Severe headaches occurred after an 8-h exposure at 0.2... 

Several studies of occupational exposures and one study with a human subject were located. In the occupational exposures (summarized in Table 5- 3), neurological symptoms consistent with cyanide intoxication were demonstrated, but the likelihood of concomitant exposure to other chemicals could not be ruled out. For example, cleaners and cutting oils, as well as sodium and copper cyanide, may be present in electroplating operations (ATSDR 1997). The experimental human study involved the exposure of a single subject and a dog to a high concentration for a short exposure period. 

The original inventory file has grown into a wide ranging data-base with utility for emergency response, Material Safety Data Sheet information and is the cornerstone for Monsanto s Occupational Exposure and Medical Systems. Therefore, the original centralized effort has borne considerable fruit in addition to and independent of the TSCA inventory. 

Alternative Causes. What other factors could have accounted for the AE (diet, occupations exposure) and which were excluded ... 

Data from the few available case reports and the numerous animal studies strongly suggest that disulfoton exposure may cause mild to severe neurological effects in humans. Although disulfoton-associated memory loss has not been reported in humans, there should be concern that occupational exposure and exposure at hazardous waste sites may interfere with the performance of cognitive and complex tasks. 

Because adverse skin responses are so easily recognizable, this organ was among the earliest subjected to scrutiny, mostly by physicians interested in occupational diseases. Bernardino Ramazzini s tract of 1700, De Moribis Artificum Diatriba, contained many examples of skin diseases associated with occupational exposures, and, as will be seen in the next chapter, the seminal work of Percival Pott on occupationally induced cancers, published in 1775, revealed the role of soot in the production of cancers on the skin of the scrotum in London chimney sweeps. 

Generic Exposure Values (GEVs) are generic threshold values for occupational exposure (and derived dermal values) derived from OELs (Occupational Exposure Limits). The effects used to estimate GEVs are acute and repeated dose toxicity for a total of 63 organic and nonorganic substances, both volatile and nonvolatile. 

Human studies presented in the section on dermal exposure are reports of accidental occupational exposure and one volunteer case study. Since precise levels of exposure in these studies are not known, the results in this section are not presented in a table. 

Parent ME, Siemiatycki J, Fritschi L. Occupational exposures and gastric cancer. Epidemiology 1998 9(1 ) 48—55. 

Pietri F, Clavel F. Occupational exposure and cancer of the pancreas a review. BrJInd Med 1991 48(9) 583-587. 

Oesch, E, Hengstler, J.G., Arand, M. Euchs J. (1995) Detection of primary DNA damage applicability to biomonitoring of genotoxic occupational exposure and in chnical therapy. 

Occupational and environmental poisoning with metals, metalloids, and metal compounds is a major health problem. Exposure in the workplace is found in many industries, and exposure in the home and elsewhere in the nonoccupational environment is widespread. The classic metal poisons (arsenic, lead, and mercury) continue to be widely used. (Treatment of their toxicities is discussed in Chapter 57.) Occupational exposure and poisoning due to beryllium, cadmium, manganese, and uranium are relatively new occupational problems, which present new and previously unaddressed problems. 

Lemasters GK (1993) Epidemiology methods to assess occupational exposures and pregnancy outcomes. Semin Perinatal, 17(1) 18-27. 

Lemasters GK Pinney SM (1989) Employment status as a confounder when assessing occupational exposures and spontaneous abortion. J Clin Epidemiol, 42 975-981. 

Lorente C, Cordier S, Bergeret A, De Walle HE, Goujard J, Ayme S, Knill-Jones R, Calzolari E, Bianchi F (2000) Maternal occupational risk factors for oral clefts. Occupational Exposure and Congenital Malformation Working Group. Scand J Work Environ Health, 26 137-145. 

Cantor, K.P, Stewart, P.A., Brinton, L.A. Dosemeci, M. (1995) Occupational exposures and female breast cancer mortality in the United States. J. occup. environ. Med., 31, 336-348 Casanova, M., Deyo, D.F. Heck, H.d A. (1992) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) meta-... 

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