Nutritional supplements purified

Katzung PHARMACOLOGY, 9e > Section X. Special Topics > Chapter 65. Botanicals ("Herbal Medications") Nutritional Supplements > Purified Nutritional Supplements > ... 

Isolation of the amino acids from such wastewaters might be of commercial value. For example, L-phenylalanine has been used as a precursor in the synthesis of a variety of industrial products, for example, the artificial sweetener Aspartame [117]. Purified amino acids can, on the other hand, be used as nutritional supplements in the diet of livestock [118], as weU as in human nutrition [119]. Therefore, there is potential for the extraction of amino acids from dairy and proteinaceous wastewaters for additional income of the producing industries. Application of LMs in treatment of such wastewaters could be of substantial benefit. 

Table XI-1-4 lists the characteristic of selected herbals, and Table XI-1-5 lists the relevant purified nutritional supplements.

In 1913, vitamin A was discovered by Elmer V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis of the University of Wisconsin, and by Thomas 5. Osborne and Lafayette B. Mendel of the Connecticut Experiment Station. Working independently, each research team demonstrated the presence of an essential dietary substance in fatty foods. McCollum and Davis found it in butter-fat and egg yolks Osborne and Mendel discovered it in cod liver oil. These researchers believed that only one factor, which they called fat-soluble A, was needed to supplement purified diets. They described the condition as the "type of nutritive deficiency exemplified in the form of an infectious eye disease prevalent in animals inappropriately fed." In 1915, McCollum and Davis also noted that a deficiency of fat-soluble A caused night blindness. (It is noteworthy that Miss Marguerite Davis, a young biologist who had just obtained her bachelor s degree from the University of California, volunteered to do the rat work for McCollum without salary.)... 

INOSITOL. A constituent of body tissue. In purified form it is used as a nutrient and dietary supplement in some foods and feed-stuffs. The chemical name of inositol is hexahydroxycyclohexane, CAS 87-89-8. CfiHalOHls- ZHjO. There are nine isomeric forms of inositol. Myoinositol or meso-inositnl (err 1.2,3.5-fram-4.6-liexatiydroxycyclohexanc) is the isomer that possesses essential nutrient activity. The substance, often identified as a vitamin, is found in small amounts in many vegetables, citrus fruits, cereal grains, liver, kidney, heart and other meat. The commercial source is com (maize) steep liquor. In addition to its use in nutrition, it finds use in medicine and as an intermediate for organic syntheses. 

Essentiality. Evidence for the nutritional essentiality of vanadium is not conclusive. Strasia (37) found that rats fed less than 100 ng of vanadium/g of diet exhibited slower growth, higher plasma and bone iron, and higher hematocrits than controls fed 0.5 Mg of vanadium/g of diet. However, Williams (38) was unable to duplicate the findings of Strasia (37), even in the same laboratory under similar conditions. Schwarz and Milne (39) reported that a vanadium supplement of 25 to 50 Mg/100 g of a semi-purified diet gave a positive growth response in rats. On the other hand, Hopkins and Mohr (40) reported that the only effect of vanadium deprivation on rats was an apparent impaired reproductive performcince (decreased fertility and increased perinatal mortality) that became apparent only in the fourth generation. 

Cr(III) is held to be essential for human and animal nutrition, necessary for the maintenance of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, and is therefore used as a dietary supplement mostly in the form of its picolinate or nicotinate. Trivalent chromium is poorly absorbed principally because, unless heavily com-plexed, it will precipitate under most physiological pH conditions. Whilst Cr(III) compounds appear to be able to produce genetic effects with purified nucleic acids or cell nuclei, there is generally no such activity in intact cellular systems due to the relatively poor ability of Cr(III) to cross cell membranes. 

In 1971 it was reported that a significant growth effect, in rats maintained on purified amino acid diets in a trace-element-free environment, was obtained when the diets were supplemented with tin. These studies suggested that tin was an essential trace element for mammals. The element is normally present in foods in amounts less than 1 mg/kg DM, the values in pasture herbage grown in Scotland, for example, being of the order of 300-400 pg/kg DM. The nutritional importance of this element has yet to be determined, but it is suggested that tin contributes to the tertiary structure of protein or other macromolecules. Tin is poorly absorbed... 

Dietary Supplements/Health Foods. Seeds used in cold remedies leaves used in teas, combination products, primarily as blood purifier for skin ailments (acne, psoriasis, etc.) root used as nutritive food (foster and duke). 

---