Number-communication systems

More sophisticated number communication systems (as opposed to numbers themselves) are a cultural invention, such that in Western society, we think of numbers quite differently, and have developed a complex system for talking and describing them. Most scientifically and mathematically minded people believe that numbers and mathematics exist beyond our experience and that advancing mathematics is a process of discovery rather than invention. In other words, if we met an alien civilisation, we would find that they had calculus too, and it would work in exactly Ihe same way as ours. What is a cultural invention is our system of niunerical and mathematical notation. This is to some extent arbitrary while we can all easily imderstand the mathematics of classical Greece, this is usually only after their notational systems have been translated into Ihe modem system Pythagoras certainly never wrote + = z. Today, we have a single commonly... 

Although a number of spedes utilize complex chemicals containing chiral centers and may, in fact, produce only one stereoisomer, the behavior of the responding male in some species is not affected by the presence of the other isomers and a racemic blend is as active as the pure isomer. However, other cases have been found in which a distinct chemical is found to be used by an insect species, but it is also part of the mating communication system of other related species. Species specificity then can be effected by utilizing a specific blend of the enantiomers (10). An example of this is with the two bark beetle species that utilize... 

Another aspect of the sex pheromone communication system concerns the endogenous signals that control pheromone production and release from the emitting insect. A number of hormones have been found to be involved in the control of pheromone production in various insect species (18). Juvenile hormone was found to induce vitellogenesis and sex pheromone production in some cockroach and beetle species. However, ecdysteroids were found to be involved in regulating reproductive processes, including vitellogenin synthesis, in dipteran species. 

The chemistry of sex attraction, thus, presents challenges not only among the diverse animal species but also within each communication system. Some of the chemistry has been defined, as described above, but knowledge of the chemistry in a few insect species pales in view of the vast number of frontiers yet to be attacked in other animal species. Similarities will, no doubt, be found in the communication systems of other animals, but the diversity of nature predicts that there are still many surprises to be discovered by tomorrow s chemists. 

Detecting redundancy in a chemical communication system requires more rigorous testing of blends than is common in pheromone identifications. Typically, such identifications focus on the minimum number of compounds to duplicate the behavioral response stimulated by a female moth. A subtraction bioassay that documented no adverse effect of deletion of a compound could lead to the conclusion that the compound is not a pheromone component. Clearly redundant components could be overlooked in this way. Perhaps for this reason, very few cases of redundancy have been documented (but see Linn et al., 1984 Rhainds et al., 1994 King etal, 1995). 

SiZOfiran [inn.jan] (schizophyllan SPG) is a (polysaccharide) antibiotic, isolated from Schizophyllum commune, showing (immunostimulant) immunomodulator activity. It has ANTICANCER activity in a number of systems, including against sarcoma-180 ascites, and also augments anticancer properties of interleukin-2 in mice. 

Sensor arrays. By linking a large number of sensors in an intelligent way, the value of the information that is gathered can be greatly amplified. However, implementation of such an approach will require that both the sensors and the necessary communications system be inexpensive. 

The most active chemotherapeutic agents fall into a small number of broad categories depending on their mode of action alkylating/cross-linking agents that interact with DNA antibiotics that can kill mammalian cells instead of bacteria antimetabolites/inhibitors that interfere with normal biochemistry hormones that interact with receptors on tumor cells and cytokines that can alter the balance of the intercellular communication system. Some commonly used agents, and their classifications, are fisted in Table 1. 

Failure to fulfill a duty to warn can have significant consequences for the manufacturer in terms of civil penalty payments, damaged commercial reputation, and adverse publicity in general. The number of issues the manufacturer must consider dictates that he establish some sort of routine-a hazard communications system, which assures that he obtain appropriate information on a continuing basis. 

As described earlier, the system consists of a number of visual "elements"(labels. placards, tags, etc.) for communicating with the worker This visuai communication system is based on a four-part, four-color square (or five-part) four-color square, if the company chooses to include either the raw material codes or the specific chemical s name on the identification elements. These squares will appear on or nearby the raw material package in order to communicate to the worker the hazards associated with that raw material. The specifics of these elements are as follows ... 

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