Nuclear magnetic resonance materials

R643 N. Kuwata, Y. Iwai and J. Kawamura, Research and Development of Lithium-Ion Battery by Using Laser and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , Materials Integration, 2011, 24, 172. 

Brown, J.K. and W.R. Ladner Jr (1960), Distribution in coallike materials by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Fuel, Vol. 39, p. 87. 

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements when using flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon induction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphoms-31. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) is a nondestmctive means of measuring the amount of hydrogen in various materials for example, nmr has been used to determine the hydrogen content of coals (251). 

The crystalline mineral silicates have been well characterized and their diversity of stmcture thoroughly presented (2). The stmctures of siHcate glasses and solutions can be investigated through potentiometric and dye adsorption studies, chemical derivatization and gas chromatography, and laser Raman, infrared (ftir), and Si Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance ( Si ft-nmr) spectroscopy. References 3—6 contain reviews of the general chemical and physical properties of siHcate materials. 

As with other diffraction techniques (X-ray and electron), neutron diffraction is a nondestructive technique that can be used to determine the positions of atoms in crystalline materials. Other uses are phase identification and quantitation, residual stress measurements, and average particle-size estimations for crystalline materials. Since neutrons possess a magnetic moment, neutron diffraction is sensitive to the ordering of magnetically active atoms. It differs from many site-specific analyses, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, vibrational, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies, in that neutron diffraction provides detailed structural information averaged over thousands of A. It will be seen that the major differences between neutron diffraction and other diffiaction techniques, namely the extraordinarily... 

Early, T.A. (2001) Article on Nuclear magnetic resonance in solids, in Encyclopedia of Materials, ed. Buschow, K.H.J. et al. (Elsevier, Amsterdam). 

Solid state materials have been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance methods over 30 years. In 1953 Wilson and Pake ) carried out a line shape analysis of a partially crystalline polymer. They noted a spectrum consisting of superimposed broad and narrow lines which they ascribed to rigid crystalline and amorphous material respectively. More recently several books and large articles have reviewed the tremendous developments in this field, particularly including those of McBrierty and Douglas 2) and the Faraday Symposium (1978)3) —on which this introduction is largely based. 

It is particularly important to study process phenomena under dynamic (rather than static) conditions. Most current analytical techniques are designed to determine the initial and final states of a material or process. Instmments must be designed for the analysis of materials processing in real time, so that the cmcial chemical reactions in materials synthesis and processing can be monitored as they occur. Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance and laser probes indicate valuable lines of development for new techniques and comparable instmmentation for the study of interfaces, complex hquids, microstmctures, and hierarchical assemblies of materials. Instmmentation needs for the study of microstmctured materials are discussed in Chapter 9. 

It is an unfortunate fact that several preexisting theories have tried to explain complicated mechanical phenomena of CB-reinforced rubbery materials but they have not been so successful." " However, a recent report might have a capability of explaining them collectively," when the author accepted the existence of the component whose molecular mobility is different from that of matrix mbber component in addition to the existence of well-known bound rubber component. The report described that this new component might be the most important factor to determine the reinforcement. These mbber components have been verified by spin-spin relaxation time 2 by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique, ° while the information obtained by NMR is qualitative and averaged over the sample and, therefore, lacking in the spatial... 

Porphyrin is a multi-detectable molecule, that is, a number of its properties are detectable by many physical methods. Not only the most popular nuclear magnetic resonance and light absorption and emission spectroscopic methods, but also the electron spin resonance method for paramagnetic metallopor-phyrins and Mossbauer spectroscopy for iron and tin porphyrins are frequently used to estimate the electronic structure of porphyrins. By using these multi-detectable properties of the porphyrins of CPOs, a novel physical phenomenon is expected to be found. In particular, the topology of the cyclic shape is an ideal one-dimensional state of the materials used in quantum physics [ 16]. The concept of aromaticity found in fuUerenes, spherical aromaticity, will be revised using TT-conjugated CPOs [17]. 

Rycroft et al. (1999) identihed the major components of plants from six locations in western Scotland and four from the Azores using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fingerprinting and GC-MS. The terpene P-phellandrene [129], which may be responsible for the aroma of material crushed in the held, was detected in all specimens. The major components, which appear in Fig. 5.6, were shown to be methyl eveminate [444], the four methyl orcellinate derivatives [445 8], the two 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives [449] and [450], the newly described phthalide killamiensolide [451], and the bibenzyl [453]. Methyl eveminate was the major compound in all 10 specimens other compounds were more varied in their occurrence. Killamiensolide was not isolated as such but was detected when extracts were acetylated yielding, among other compounds, [452]. The presence of the bibenzyl compound [453] in more than trace amounts in P. killarniensis raises the possibility that it represents contamination from P. spinulosa with which it was growing at the one site. 

A number of techniques have been employed that are capable of giving information about amorphous phases. These include infrared spectroscopy, especially the use of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) or Fourier transform (FT) techniques. They also include electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Nor are wet chemical methods to be neglected for they, too, form part of the armoury of methods that have been used to elucidate the chemistry and microstructure of these materials. 

O Neill, I. K., Prosser, H. J., Richards, C. P. Wilson, A. D. (1982). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of dental materials. 1. P studies on phosphate-bonded cement liquids. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 16, 39-49. 

Local Structure of the Eu2+ Impurity. From the experimental perspective, the doping of lanthanide ions into solid state materials can be probed by different instrumental technics such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),44 extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS),45,46 or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR),47 which instead of giving a direct clue of the local geometry offers only data that can be corroborated to it. From the theoretical point of view,... 

S. D. Beyea, B. J. Balcom, T. W. Bremn-er, R. L. Armstrong, P. E. Grattan-Bellew 2003, (Detection of microcracking in cementious materials with space resolved 1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry), J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 (5), 800-805. 

R. R. Ruan, P. L. Chen 1998, Water in Foods and Biological Materials A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Approach, Techno-mic, Lancaster, PA, USA. 

The presence of four kinds of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) observable nuclei ( H, uB, 13C, and 29Si) allows poly(m-carborane-siloxane) to be readily investigated using NMR spectroscopy. In addition, H spin-echo NMR relaxation techniques can provide an insight into polymer segmental chain dynamics and therefore useful information on material viscoelastic characteristics. 

Other optical and spectroscopic techniques are also important, particularly with regard to segmental orientation. Some examples are fluorescence polarization, deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and polarized IR spectroscopy [4,246,251]. Also relevant here is some work indicating that microwave techniques can be used to image elastomeric materials, for example, with regard to internal damage [252,253]. 

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