Nuclear instrumentation module

Most of the commercially available instruments that are used in radiation measurements conform to the standards on nuclear instrument modules (NIM) developed by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Nuclear Regulatory Commission) and now dictated by the Department of Energy. ... 

Standard Nuclear Instrument Modules, TID-20893 (rev. 2), U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1968 now designated as DOE/ER-0457T. 

A wide variety of counting systems has been developed for various purposes. Equipment is often built as NIM (Nuclear Instrument Module standard) or CAMAC (Computer Automated Measurement And Control standard) modules, which fit into standard bins (or crates) containing power supplies and some inter-module connections. Cable connectors are also largely standardized. This facilitates combinations of bias supplies, amplifiers, discriminators, SCAs, ADCs, counters, and other circuitry to fit any need as well as their connection to computers. Some non-standard units, e.g. portable instruments, have their own power supply, main amplifier, counter or rate-meter, etc. 

As we saw in Chapter 3, in modem systems the detector and preamplifier are manufactured as a single unit, the first stage of the preampUfier being intimately attached to the detector capsule. This arrangement has advantages in that critical components of the preamplifier can be cooled to reduce thermal noise contributions. Traditionally, the other items in the system, sometimes including the MCA, are purchased in the US defined standard Nuclear Instrumentation Module (NIM) modular format (Other modular... 

NIM Nuclear Instrumentation Module. An American instrumentation standard, now used widely. 

BIN/MODULE CONNECTOR PIN ASSIGNMENTS FOR AEC STANDARD NUCLEAR INSTRUMENT MODULES PER TID-20893 (Rev 4) (adopted by DOE)... 

Periodic inspection, testing and maintenance - These issues shall be considered in detail, A.t system-level all tests should be performed on-line i.e. during the operation of the system, with a fallback on I out of 2 logic during the test duration. Normally, on-line tests are performed on the trip unit and the nuclear instrumentation modules... 

Nuclear channels for research reactor applications can be modular or integrated. In integrated channels, with exception of the pre-amplifier, all electronic circuits necessary to measure and monitor the neutron flux level and period are incorporated in only one cabinet, in such a way that a single failure will require the complete channel to be serviced. Modular channels are made up of independent modular instruments, like amplifiers, power supplies and ratemeters, and any single failure will require only the replacement of the failed modulus. One family of standard modules widely used in research reactors instrumentation systems is the Nuclear Instruments Modules (NIM) which can be used for control and safety applications. 

The nuclear power unit (NPU) and the automatic control system (which is protected by radiation shielding and located in the instrumentation module at some distance from NPU) are the basic components of nuclear power systems. 

Forced-vibration instruments, 21 745 Force field calculations, 16 742 Force field energy, 16 742 Force field performance, 16 745 Force fields, 16 743-745 Force field simulations, 16 746-747 programs for, 16 746 Force modulation microscopy, 3 332 Forces, exponents of dimensions in absolute, gravitational, and engineering systems, 8 584t Forchlorfenuron, 13 43t, 53 Ford nuclear reactor, 17 594... 

The intent of this chapter is not to survey noninvasive surface spectroscopy but to illustrate briefly how it is applied to resolve the Stummian issue of whether inner-sphere surface complexes form. For this purpose, the application of electron spin resonance (ESR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopies to elucidate metal cation speciation and the use of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to detect surface anion species will be described. Emphasis will be on the interpretation of spectra. Sample preparation and instrumentation details were reviewed in recent volumes edited by Hawthorne (55) and Perry (27). Because the constant capacitance model was developed in the context of adsorption by hydrous oxides, these... 

Section I covers the more conventional equipment available for analytical scientists. I have used a unified means of illustrating the composition of instruments over the five chapters in this section. This system describes each piece of equipment in terms of five modules - source, sample, discriminator, detector and output device. I believe this system allows for easily comparing and contrasting of instruments across the various categories, as opposed to other texts where different instrument types are represented by different schematic styles. Chapter 2 in this section describes the spectroscopic techniques of visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, near infrared, mid-infrared and Raman spectrometry, fluorescence and phosphorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and, finally, a section on atomic spectrometric techniques. I have used the aspirin molecule as an example all the way through this section so that the spectral data obtained from each... 

The scientific potential of nuclear gamma-ray astronomy is outlined in section 2. In sections 3 instruments for spectroscopy in the low and medium gamma-ray channel are presented modulating aperture systems, Compton telescopes and diffraction lens telescopes. The three techniques actually reflect our current perception of light itself - they are based on the principles of geometrical optics, quantum optics and wave optics, respectively. 

In the basic two-pulse or primary echo experiment, two pulses separated by a time T are applied. The second pulse is twice as long as the first. At time t after the last pulse a transient response appears from the sample, the so called spin echo. By monitoring the echo amplitude as a function of the time t, a spin echo envelope can be recorded. The hyperfine couplings are obtained either by trial-and-error simulations to reproduce the modulations superimposed on the decaying echo amplitude (the original procedure) or by a Fourier transform to obtain nuclear frequencies in modern instruments as in Fig. 2.20. The frequencies are the same as obtained in ENDOR. Contrary to ENDOR, combination peaks at the sum and difference frequencies may also occur. 

PRISM employs passive safety, digital instrumentation and control, and modular fabrication techniques to expedite plant construction [1-4]. PRISM has a rated thermal power of 840 MW and an electrical output of 311 MWe. Each PRISM module has an intermediate sodium loop that exchanges heat between the primary sodium coolant from the core with water/steam in a sodium-water steam generator (SG). The steam from the sodium-water SG feeds a conventional steam turbine. A diagram of the PRISM nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) is shown in Figure 6.2. 

---