Nuclear Energy Act

In Finland, about 1700 tU of spent nuclear fuel has arisen from the operation of the four nuclear power imits which were commissioned in late 1970 s - early 1980 s. Initially the spent fuel management policy was based on seeking for international centralised options because of the small size of the nuclear energy program. The amendment of the Nuclear Energy Act of 1994, however, revised the policy and disposal of spent fuel into the domestic bedrock is nowadays the only option. 

A new policy was formulated in 1994 by the amendment of the Nuclear Energy Act, stating (note that by definition nuclear waste includes also spent fuel) Nuclear waste generated in connection with or as a result of the use of nuclear energy in Finland shall be handled, stored and permanently disposed of in Finland. Nuclear waste generated in connection with or as a result of the use of nuclear energy elsewhere than in Finland, shall not be handled, stored or permanently disposed of in Finland. 

By virtue of the Nuclear Energy Act (Atomgesetz - AtG) of 2002, a restriction of the operational life of German nuclear power stations was undertaken. Before the end of the period 2005-2007, two nuclear power stations, which have an annual electricity production of around 7.4 billion kWh, are to be shut down. This means that a further fall in electricity production of 94 billion kWh will have to be replaced in the period 2008-2012. The resulting additional C02emissions would substantially influence the allocation negotiations of the power industry. 

The first amendment to license 7/12b allowed initiation of measurements for the release of buildings from the area of application of nuclear legislation. All buildings of the site outside of the safe enclosed plant were to be released from the restrictions of the Nuclear Energy Act, that is they were no longer subject to nuclear legislation. 

In Finland nuclear power plant requirements are presented in Nuclear Energy Act, Nuclear Energy Decree, Decisions of the Council of State and Regulatory Guides given by Radiation and Safety Authority, STUK. Design and analysis requirements are in accordance with ASME m. 

Gadolinium s extremely high cross section for thermal neutrons, 4.6 x 10 (46,000 bams) per atom, is the reason for its extensive use in the nuclear energy (see Nuclearreactors). It is used as a component of the fuel or control rods, where it acts as a consumable poison, a trap for neutrons in the reactor (39). 

The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 represented the interests of American scientists who wished to see nuclear energy developed for nonniilitai y purposes. It called for the establishment of a five-member civilian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which could deliver weapons to the military only on presidential order. But the militaiy tensions ot the early Cold War delayed civilian nuclear power development until 1948, at which time 80 percent of the AEC s budget went to militaiy ends. In 1951, U.S. civilian nuclear power development consisted of only a small experimental government (liquid metal) reactor in Idaho. 

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 permits and encourages the participation of private industry in the development and use of nuclear energy. 

At the state level, there is growing awareness of the essential role of nuclear power in meeting Clean Air Act requirements, and the continued importance of emission free nuclear energy in the future. Just ask the state of Georgia, which is concerned about the... 

The Mbssbauer effect involves resonant absorption of y-radiation by nuclei in solid iron oxides. Transitions between the I = Y2 the I = 72 nuclear energy levels induce resonant absorption (Fig. 7.4). A Mbssbauer spectrum is a plot of the transmission of the rays versus the velocity of their source movement of the source ( Co for iron compounds) ensures that the nuclear environments of the absorber and the source will match at certain velocities (i.e. energies) and hence absorption takes place. In the absence of a magnetite field the Mbssbauer spectrum consists of one (if the absorbing atoms are at a site of cubic symmetry) or two (symmetry distorted from cubic) absorption maxima. When a static magnetic field acts on the resonant nuclei, this splits the nuclear spin of the ground state into two and those of the ex-... 

Hansson notes that Major policy debates on risks have in part been clashes between the noun and the verb approach to risk. Proponents of nuclear energy emphasize how small the risks are, whereas opponents question the very act of risking improbable but potentially calamitous accidents (Hansson, 2004). Opponents think that what nuclear power puts at risk should not be put at risk. 

Over a number of years, the photovoltaic cell developers received large financial incentives from the U.S. government, For example, the National Photovoltaics Act of 1978 was passed by the IT.S. Congress, which authorized an expenditure of 1.5 billion for research, development, and demonstration of solar cell systems for converting sunlight into electric power, Also, in connection with the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, which established the concept of net... 

In the first level of the hierarchy, radioactive waste that arises from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle (i.e., from processing of uranium or thorium ores and production of nuclear fuel, any uses of nuclear reactors, and subsequent utilization of radioactive material used or produced in reactors) is distinguished from radioactive waste that arises from any other source or practice. The latter type of waste is referred to as NARM (naturally occurring and accelerator-produced radioactive material), which includes any radioactive material produced in an accelerator and NORM [naturally occurring radioactive material not subject to regulation under the Atomic Energy Act (AEA)]. 

Statutory and Regulatory Definitions. The earliest statutory definitions of transuranic waste were contained in AEA (1954), the National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act (NSMA, 1980), and the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA, 1980). All of these laws defined transuranic waste in terms of concentrations of long-lived, alpha-emitting... 

Requirements for Disposal. The National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act (NSMA, 1980) established the current DOE program for disposal of defense transuranic waste at the WIPP facility in New Mexico. The Act specifically authorized test emplacements of waste for purposes of research and development. WIPPLWA (1992) then authorized permanent disposal of defense transuranic waste at this facility. The Act specifies that the WIPP facility may not be used for disposal of high-level waste, commercial transuranic waste, or any DOE non-defense transuranic... 

---