Nuclear combined weapons

A distance of 0.25 miles represents the radius of complete destruction for a 10-kiloton nuclear weapon (see Table 5.1). If an individual is just outside the 0.25-mile radius after a 10-kiloton explosion, the combined effects from all threats will likely... 

The distinction between these two types of weapons is blurred because they are combined in almost all advanced modern weapons. For example, a smaller fission bomb is first used to create necessary conditions of high temperature and pressure which are required for fusion. Similarly, fusion elements may also be present in the core of fission devices as well because they generate additional neutrons which increase efficiency of the fission reaction. Further, most of the fusion weapons derive substantial portion of their energy from a final stage of fissioning which is facilitated by the fusion reactions. The simplest nuclear weapons are pure fission bombs. They were the first type of nuclear weapons built during the American Manhattan Project and are considered as a building block for all advanced nuclear weapons. 

For a nuclear weapon hurst in air. all materials in the fireball are vaporized. Condensation of fission products and other bomb materials is then governed by the saturation vapor pressures of the most abundant constituents. Primary debris can combine w ilh naturally-occurring aerosols, and almost all of (he fallout becomes tropospheric or stratospheric. If the weapon detonation takes place within a few hundred Icet of (either above or below) a land or water surface, large quaniilies of surface materials are drawn up or thrown into the air above Ihe place ol detonation. Condensation of radioactive nuclides in this material then leads in considerable quantities of local fallout, but some of the radioactivity still goes into tropospheric and stratospheric fallout. If the hurst occurs sufficiently fur underground, the surface is not bruken and no fallout results. 

FIGURE 7—35. Combination treatments for bipolar disorder (bipolar combos). Combination drug treatment is the rule rather than the exception for patients with bipolar disorder. It is best to attempt monotherapy, however, with first-line lithium or valproic acid, with second-line atypical antipsychotics, or with third-line anticonvulsant mood stabilizers. A very common situation in acute treatment of the manic phase of bipolar disorder is to treat with both a mood stabilizer and an atypical antipsychotic (atypical combo). Agitated patients may require intermittent doses of sedating benzodiazepines (benzo assault weapon), whereas patients out of control may require intermittent doses of tranquil-izing neuroleptics (neuroleptic nuclear weapon). For maintenance treatment, patients often require combinations of two mood stabilizers (mood stabilizer combo) or a mood stabilizer with an atypical antipsychotic (atypical combo). For patients who have depressive episodes despite mood stabilizer or atypical combos, antidepressants may be required (antidepressant combo). However, antidepressants may also decompensate patients into overt mania, rapid cycling states, or mixed states of mania and depression. Thus, antidepressant combos are used cautiously. 

Uranium hexafluoride, UFg, is used in the gaseous diffusion process for separating uranium isotopes since not all uranium isotopes can be undergo chain reaction, a requirement for use in reactors and nuclear weapons. How many kilograms of elementary uranium can be converted to UFg per kilogram of combined fluorine ... 

In the chain reaction shown in Figure 14.5, if there is so little uranium that the released neutrons escape before they have a chance to cause a fission reaction, the reaction stops. The critical mass is the minimum mass of fissionable material needed in order for the reaction to continue. The critical mass concept is the key to the design of a fission-type nuclear weapon. In such a weapon, two smaller-than-critical masses are present but are separated. When these subcritical masses are suddenly combined, the rapidly escalating fission reactions produce an explosion of incredible intensity. 

As with other technology, nuclear technology involves a combination of science and art. However, it is unique because of the development of the atomic bomb that contributed to the ending of World War II. Many people view nuclear technology from the point of view of nuclear weapons and more recently nuclear accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. This leads to the view that nuclear technology is only useful for explosive applications and that it is only with great care that it can be safely used. In reality, it is difficult to produce nuclear explosions... 

The nuclear fuels were created in the cosmic event that created the universe and were deposited in the earth as it took form. There are two families of nuclear fuels, those for fission (uranium and thorium) and those for fusion (protium [[//], deuterium, helium-3, and lithium). Only uranium fission has been developed as a commercial source of nuclear energy. Although fusion has been developed as a military weapon, the hydrogen bomb, it is premature to include the fusion fuels in the world s inventory of capital energy. The technology for controlled fusion is not available, nor is development of a controlled fusion process expected in the next several decades. When available it would increase the capital supply to a level greater than that from all other sources combined.16... 

We cannot be eonfident that an attack combining the sophistication and ruthlessness of 9/11 with the use of nuclear weapons will not happen. As far as we know, however, no terrorist group has the competence to build nuclear weapons and an element of scepticism is warranted about the capacity of non-state actors to manufacture nuclear weapons undetected by the intelligence agencies of the technologically advanced countries. Nor is there any evidence so far to suggest that nuclear weapons have been transferred to terrorist organizations. Bioterrorism... 

Fluorine is combined either directly or indirectly with other elements to form compounds such as hydrofluoric acid, fluoropolymers and is used in the synthesis of organic fluorine compounds such as fluorides as in the manufacture of Freon (i.e., dichlo-rodifluoromethane, CCI2F2), which is used as a refrigerant. Fluorine is used in the manufacture of uranium hexafluoride that is necessary for the separation of the isotopes of uranium in centrifuges in the production of nuclear weapons. Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing more than 100... 

Estimation of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposure to children in an agricultural community Examination of the quantitative relation between exposure to isocyanates and occupational asthma Explanation of new framework to obtain exposure estimates through the Bayesian approach Combined direct (personal air samples) and indirect (activity pattern model) approaches used in human air pollution exposure assessment Reconstruction of contaminant doses to the public from operations at the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons facility Estimation of historical exposures to machining fluids in the automotive industry... 

The real threat to the survival of the nation and its people is the combination of chemical, biological, and radiological warfare agents used in a way which will complement one another. Chemical and biological warfare can be used in conjunction with radiological warfare. They can be used prior to or after the use of nuclear weapons and delivered by covert or by overt means—that is, by ordinary airplane, missile, or sabotage. Therefore, the individual protection developments must be capable of use, if possible, against all three hazards. 

Combined Injuries. Combined injuries occur when a casualty is affected by conventional weaponry and also by the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. The situation in which a casualty is contaminated with a chemical agent, but not suffering from such an agent s effects is dealt with in AMedP-7 (B). Wounds that are not contaminated should be dressed in the usual way. They should then be covered with agent proof material (either impervious material or... 

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