Nuclear analytical techniques isotopes

Filby RH (1995) Isotopic and nuclear analytical techniques in biological systems a critical study. Part IX. Neutron activation analysis (technical report). Pure Appl Chem 67 1929-1941. 

Nuclear analytical techniques (NATs) and related isotopic tracer methods are well established as important tools in a wide variety of different kinds of environmental studies. They provide a wealth of information on sources, pathways and effects of many elements of environmental and health-related interest. Apart from being regarded as of particular strength in analytical quality assurance (IAEA, 1997), nuclear and related techniques cover studies of air particulates, solid waste products, sediments, food, water, human tissues, biomonitors and other kinds of environmental samples. 

De Goeij, J.J.M., Bode, P. 1997. Nuclear Analytical Techniques. Strong and weak points, obstacles and opportunities. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Harmonization of Health related Environmental Measurements using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques, Hyderabad, India, 4-7 November 1996, pp. 3-17, IAEA Proc. Series, Vienna, STI/PUB/1006, ISBN 92-0-103697-3. 

Various improvements have broadened the research in the field of zeolite membranes and films, such as the development of new synthesis procednres, the use of new supports with specific characteristics (monoliths, foams, etc.), or the use of modified supports by means of masking or grafting techniques, the application of new analytical techniques (isotopic-transient experiments, permporometry, pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], interference microscopy, IR microscopy, etc.), the control of the orientation of the crystals (by means of covalent linkages, synthesis conditions, etc.) and of the thickness of the membranes, and the preparation of new zeolites as membranes or new zeolite-related materials. In addition, a variety of zeolites can now be prepared as colloidal systems with particle dimensions ranging from tens to a few hnndred nanometers. 

This book is written by experts from disciplines as diverse as analytical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, environmental science, molecular biology, and medicinal chemistry in order to identify potential hot spots of metallomics and metalloproteomics. The scientific fundamentals of new approaches, like isotopic techniques combined with ICP-MS/ESI-MS/MS, the synchrotron radiation-based techniques. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and neutron scattering, as well as their various applications, with a focus on mercury, selenium, chromium, arsenic, iron and metal-based medicines are critically reviewed, which can help to understand their impacts on human health. The book will be of particular interest to researchers in the fields of environmental and industrial chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, toxicology, and medicine. Basically, the book has two aims. The first deals with the educational point of view. Chapters 2 to 7 provide the basic concept of each of the selected nuclear analytical techniques and should be understandable by Master and PhD students in chemistry, physics, biology and nanotechnology. The... 

Analysis of a metallodrug in a biological tissue is a challenging task in analytical chemistry, primarily because the traditional methods used are usually indirect and semi-quantitative to a large extent, and are unable to visualize the metal ions in vivo. Advanced nuclear analytical techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence, neutron activation analysis. X-ray emission. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and isotope tracing/dilution techniques offer some means by which elemental distribution, oxidation states, and species structural information can be studied. ... 

For many of the analytical techniques discussed below, it is necessary to have a source of X-rays. There are three ways in which X-rays can be produced in an X-ray tube, by using a radioactive source, or by the use of synchrotron radiation (see Section 12.6). Radioactive sources consist of a radioactive element or compound which spontaneously produces X-rays of fixed energy, depending on the decay process characteristic of the radioactive material (see Section 10.3). Nuclear processes such as electron capture can result in X-ray (or y ray) emission. Thus many radioactive isotopes produce electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of the spectrum, for example 3He, 241Am, and 57Co. These sources tend to produce pure X-ray spectra (without the continuous radiation), but are of low intensity. They can be used as a source in portable X-ray devices, but can be hazardous to handle because they cannot be switched off. In contrast, synchrotron radiation provides an... 

In spite of the excellent capability and advantages (high selectivity and sensitivity) of RIMS for the ultratrace analysis of isotopes with naturally rare abundance in environmental, geological, medical and nuclear samples, no commercial instrumentation is available to date. In contrast to AMS and RIMS as mono-elemental (element-specific) analytical techniques, ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS possess, in analogy to GDMS and SIMS, have the ability for multi-element analysis and thus could have the widest fields of application. 

Inevitably developments in all fields of analytical chemistry find their applications to the problems of the chemist in the field of petroleum. Thus ion exchange, microwave techniques, nuclear resonance, radioactive isotopes, activation analysis, high frequency vibrations, and other developments of fundamental research should find applications in the field of petroleum analysis. 

The operation, since 1945, of nuclear reactors has made available radioisotopes of most elements. The isotopes are useful in a variety of chemical investigations, including those concerned with solubility, diffusion, reaction mechanism and structure. They have given rise to new analytical techniques, such as isotopic dilution and radioactivation analysis. In industry also, they have a wide and rapidly expanding application. All this is made possible by the ease with which small quantities of the nuclides can be detected, often remotely, and quantitatively determined by commercially available and easily operated equipment. 

In 1995, Bonnarme et al. [110] used the analytical techniques that combine isotopic tracing, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy to compare the enzyme systems of intact cells of high- and low-producing strains of A. terreus. Results show that itaconate formation requires de novo protein synthesis. During acid formation, TCA cycle intermediates increase in both strains. Furthermore, data showed that both the BMP pathway and the TCA cycle are involved in itaconate biosynthesis. Based on the biosynthetic pathway (Fig. 15), one itaconate molecule is produced from one hexose molecule with a theoretical weight yield of 72.2%. The actual yield should be lower due to the loss of carbon to biomass accumulation and cell maintenance. 

Magara, M., Hanzawa, Y., Esaka, E, Miyamoto, Y., Yasuda, K., Watanabe, K., Usuda, S., Nishimura, H., and Adachi, T. 2000. Development of analytical techniques for ultra trace amounts of nuclear materials in environmental samples using ICP-MS for safeguards. Appl Radiat Isotopes 53(1-2), 87-90. 

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