Novobiocin

Chemical Name N-[7-[[3-0-(aminocarbonyl)-5,5-di-C-methyl-4-0-methyl-a-L-lyxo-pyranosyl] oxy] -4-hydroxy-8-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl] -4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)benzamide 

This drug was isolated from Streptomyces niveus in 1955 and is a dibasic acid. Formerly it had been used in the treatment of staphylococci-mediated infections. Since the introduction of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins, its use has been superseded by these newer drugs, which are safer and much more effective (Kucers and Bennet 1975). 

Its clinical administration was associated with many adverse reactions (reviewed by Bridges et al. 1957 Schindel 1966). Mild gastrointestinal symptoms were common but rarely necessitated stopping treatment. Drug fever occurred frequently if treatment was given for more than one week. Eosinophilia, moderate reversible leukopenia, and maculopapular rashes have been recorded. Allergic 

Acker R, Schreier K (1962) Erfahrungen mit der Chloramphenicolbehandlung von 3 648 Pa-tienten einer Kinderklinik. Med Klin 57 474-479 Aquinas M, Allan WGL, Horsfall PAL et al. (1972) Adverse reactions to daily and intermittent rifampicin regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Br Med J 1 765-771 

Autran P, Kaplanski S, Dugue P, Amaud A, Charpin J (1973) Un cas d accident d origine immuno-allergique avec purpura thrombocytopenigue du a la rifampicine. Mars Med 10 845-851 

Easier RSW (1976) Potential hazards of clindamycin in acne therapy. Arch Dermatol 112 383-385 

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Antibiotics. Solvent extraction is an important step in the recovery of many antibiotics (qv) such as penicillin [1406-05-9] streptomycin [57-92-17, novobiocin [303-81-1J, bacitracin [1405-87-4] erythromycin, and the cephalosporins. A good example is in the manufacture of penicillin (242) by a batchwise fermentation. Amyl acetate [628-63-7] or -butyl acetate [123-86-4] is used as the extraction solvent for the filtered fermentation broth. The penicillin is first extracted into the solvent from the broth at pH 2.0 to 2.5 and the extract treated with a buffet solution (pH 6) to obtain a penicillin-rich solution. Then the pH is again lowered and the penicillin is re-extracted into the solvent to yield a pure concentrated solution. Because penicillin degrades rapidly at low pH, it is necessary to perform the initial extraction as rapidly as possible for this reason centrifugal extractors are generally used. 

Streptomyces spectabilis Spectinomycin Streptomyces spheroldes Novobiocin... 

Soybean meal, by fermentation Bacitracin Clavulanic acid Cycloserine Erythromycin Gentamicin sulfate Kanamycin sulfate Micronomicin Novobiocin Oleandomycin Oxamniquine Oxytetracycline Paromomycin Ribostamicin Sisomicin... 

Fig. 19. Selective bonding of novobiocin by crosslinked polyelectrolytes ARA-3p-T-40 (1 and 4) and ARA-lp-T-40 (2 and 3) with different grain sizes I) and 2) 10 pm 3) and 4) 200 pm. Nrmolar fraction of novobiocine in the ion exchanger...

Fluidised beds have been used previously for the industrial-scale recovery of the antibiotics streptomycin and novobiocin.30 However, more recently, considerable interest has been shown in the use of fluidised beds for the direct extraction of proteins from whole fermentation broths.31 In a packed bed, the adsorbent particles are packed within the contactor. The voidage, that is, the inter-particle space, is minimal and thus feedstock clarification is mandatory to avoid clogging of the bed. In a fluidised/expanded bed, the adsorbent bed is allowed to expand by irrigation with feedstock. Bed voidage is increased, allowing the passage of particulates in the feed. The diameters of the adsorbent beads are exaggerated for illustrative clarity. 

AcrAB- TolC Tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, p-lactams except imipenem, novobiocin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin E. coli Chromosome... 

Note TC, tetracycline CA, chloramphenicol FQ, fluoroquinoline FRY, erythromycin NOV, novobiocin RIF, rifampin and 6-LAC, B-lactam. 

C3iH36N20 + 0.03 Ca2+H20 7- 3-0-Carbamyl-5,5-dimethyl-4-0-methyl-Q -L-lyxosylJ-4-hy-droxy-3-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzamido]-8-methylcoumarin, monohydrate (novobiocin, monohydrate) NIVBIO 43 351... 

Gmuender, H., Kuratli, K., Di Padova, K., Gray, C. P., Keck, W., and Evers, S. (2001). Gene expression changes triggered by exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to novobiocin or ciprofloxacin combined transcription and translation analysis. Genome Res. 11, 28-42. 

Figure 6 Increase in absorbance of various forms of novobiocin of particle size less than 10 pm dissolving in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid at 305 nm. (Reprinted with permission from Refs. 3 and 16.)...

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