Nonconventional Applications

Even after the 12 month priority period has passed, the applicant may still file patent applications, provided there has been no publication or public use of his invention. Applications filed in most countries including the EPO and PCT are published 18 months after the priority date. The United States will begin publishing applications filed on or after November 29, 2000. If the application has not been published and the applicant has not published in any scientific journals, he or she can still file in a country and obtain a patent. This is called a non-convention filing because the applicant does not claim rights back to his first priority date. Therefore, if new information about the commercial potential of the invention becomes available between the 12th and 18th months, one should always review it carefully and decide whether nonconvention applications should be filed. 

Nonconventional sample application and development techniques (HPTLC)... 

Another environmental issue is the use of organic solvents. The use of chlorinated hydrocarbons, for example, has been severely curtailed. In fact, so many of the solvents favored by organic chemists are now on the black list that the whole question of solvents requires rethinking. The best solvent is no solvent, and if a solvent (diluent) is needed, then water has a lot to recommend it. This provides a golden opportunity for biocatalysis, since the replacement of classic chemical methods in organic solvents by enzymatic procedures in water at ambient temperature and pressure can provide substantial environmental and economic benefits. Similarly, there is a marked trend toward the application of organometal-lic catalysis in aqueous biphasic systems and other nonconventional media, such as fluorous biphasic, supercritical carbon dioxide and ionic liquids. ... 

For some recent reviews on the use of enzymes in nonconventional media, see (a) Dreyer, S., Lembrecht, J., Schumacher, J. and Kragl, U., Enzyme catalysis in nonaqueous media past, present, and future in biocatalysis in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, 2007, CRC Press, pp. 791-827 . (b) Torres, S. and Castro, G.R., Non-aqueous biocatalysis in homogeneous solvent systems. Food Technol. BiotechnoL, 2004, 42, 271-277 (c) Carrea, G. and Riva, S., Properties and synthetic applications of enzymes in organic solvent. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2000, 39, 2226-2254. 

The older modular simulation mode, on the other hand, is more common in commerical applications. Here process equations are organized within their particular unit operation. Solution methods that apply to a particular unit operation solve the unit model and pass the resulting stream information to the next unit. Thus, the unit operation represents a procedure or module in the overall flowsheet calculation. These calculations continue from unit to unit, with recycle streams in the process updated and converged with new unit information. Consequently, the flow of information in the simulation systems is often analogous to the flow of material in the actual process. Unlike equation-oriented simulators, modular simulators solve smaller sets of equations, and the solution procedure can be tailored for the particular unit operation. However, because the equations are embedded within procedures, it becomes difficult to provide problem specifications where the information flow does not parallel that of the flowsheet. The earliest modular simulators (the sequential modular type) accommodated these specifications, as well as complex recycle loops, through inefficient iterative procedures. The more recent simultaneous modular simulators now have efficient convergence capabilities for handling multiple recycles and nonconventional problem specifications in a coordinated manner. 

Mcroorgamsms - piSINFECTANTSAND ANTISEPTICS] (Vol 8) - [ANALYTICALMETHODS - TRENDS] (Vol 2) - controlof [INDUSTRIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS] (Vol 14) -as corrosive agents [CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL] (Vol 7) -in cosmetics [COSMETICS] (Vol 7) -H2 production from [HYDROGEN] (Vol 13) -industrial enzymes from pNZYME APPLICATIONS - INDUSTRIAL] (Vol 9) -nonconventnonal food sources [FOODS, NONCONVENTIONAL] (Vol 11)... 

The applications of nonconventional CVD processes, such as laser and plasma processing, are likely to expand, and these applications require an increased fundamental understanding of the underlying chemistry and transport processes. 

Depolymerizing modification of starch usually involves the use of enzymes, acid- (and less frequently base-) catalyzed hydrolysis, and thermolysis alone and thermolysis combined with acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (see a recent survey in this Series2). Despite several studies, the physical treatment of starch has not yet resulted in major practical applications. The aim of this Chapter is to review physical methods as tools for the treatment of starch which deliver amounts of energy suitable for depolymerizing starch to target products. It should be noted that the duration of such processes does not need to exceed that for conventional, namely enzymic, chemical, and thermal modifications. Moreover, a potential advantage of nonconventional physical treatments is the fact that they generate no waste products. 

E) Liquid fuel obtained in the first stage i.e. Depolymerisation, can be directly utilized as fuel for DG sets, thereby generating electricity through a nonconventional waste plastic source, for applications such as agricultural pumps, as well as producing, boiler fuels, marine fuel, fuel oil and input feed for petroleum refineries. Gaseous fuel can be utilized as domestic or industrial fuel. 

Johnston and coworkers reported a base-free aryl amination method based on radical additions to azomethines through nonconventional addition pathways (equation 6)42,43. By this route, the aryl radical adds to nitrogen, rather than to the carbon of the ketimines. For example, the ketimine prepared from o-bromophenethylamine and acetophenone was subjected to tributylstannane and the radical initiator AIBN to give the corresponding indoline in 87% yield. The only side product observed was the directly reduced compound. The fact that only the intramolecular radical addition can afford the high yield limited its application in synthesis of other arylamines. 

There is a nonconventional form of direct drying that is often overlooked or possibly unknown to the designers of the process. It is applicable to almost any of the forms of dryers mentioned in this chapter. The method is to use the solvent or liquid that is being dried as the carrier medium for the... 

In recent years, the gas industry has developed an increasing interest in nonconventional gas reserves, such as coalbed methane, tight-gas sands and methane hydrates. Tight-gas sands and coalbed methane are already economically produced at certain locations, while energy recovery from methane hydrate is stiU far from being a commercial application. Coalbed methane is formed during the process of coalification and stored in the micropores of solid coal. It can be desorbed from the coal by lowering the pressure. However, only a minority of coalfields are suitable for commercial coalbed methane recovery, because economic production is only possible from coal beds with exceptional permeability [14]. 

The use of microwave irradiation (MWI) as a nonconventional source of energy, a consequence of converting electromagnetic energy, had become very attractive for its applications to chemistry and material processing. In organic synthesis, the potential... 

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