Non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan

First studied in the 1960s as a medical device, hyaluronic acid is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan made by fibroblasts and type B synoviocytes [32]. Five commercially available hyaluronic acid formulations of differing MW and crosslinking are in use clinically. They are purified from rooster combs or produced by bacterial fermentation. It is injected either in the form of sodium hyaluronate or covalently crossUnked hyaluronic acid molecules [56]. The treatment regimen is formulation dependent, administered by 1, 3, or 5 intra-articular weekly injections. 

Hyaluronic acid Non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan found in the connective tissue. Strong interaction with endocytic receptors (such as CD44). FDA approved as injectable cosmetic device (wrinkle filler). [38-40]... 

The use of chitin nanofibrils in cosmetics was reported. The chitin nanofibrils are suspended in saline and injected under the wrinkle skin with the aid of a G30 needle. The nanofibrils can restore the skin s normal look. They last longer than hyaluronic acid (a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues) and do not give rise to any allergic reaction. EHbulyiyl chitin containing chitin nanofibrils was also manufactured for facial mask [9]. 

The glycosaminoglycans of root dentine from permanent human teeth comprise chondroitin-4-sulfate as the major glycosaminoglycan, and chondroitin-6-sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, and a non-sulfated galactosaminoglycan in minor quantities309. ... 

The sulfeted mucopolysaccharides or SMPS represent a large class of dmgs which are currently sold under various commercial names. SMPS are non-characterized glycosaminoglycans vdiich contain dermatan, heparan, chondroitin sulfate and other non-chaiacterized glycosaminoglycans. While the composition of these agents does not differ markedly, each product is marketed for a specific indication. The mechanism of action and... 

As stated above, hyaluronic acid (Figure 1.1), also called hyaluronan and sometimes presented as a hyaluronate (poly)anion from the chemical/structural viewpoint, is a non-sulfated GAG, while all other glycosaminoglycans are sulfated polysaccharides (cf. Table 1.1). Another fundamental and remarkable difference between HA and the other GAGs is the mean molar mass of the native biopolymeric chains. While the value of several MDa is the most common one for HA synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HASl, HAS2, and HASS), the molar mass of further glycosaminoglycans, on average, does not exceed the value of 50 kDa [8]. 

Polymers that are structurally related to heparin and that possess certain of its biological properties, such as anticoagulant activity, are commonly called heparinoids. Non-heparin glycosaminoglycans having anti-coagulant/antithrombotic activities are sometimes classified as heparinoids. Heparinoids are also prepared by modification of naturally occurring polysaccharides, by the total synthesis of heparin-like polymers, and most recently by the synthesis of small sulfated heparin-like oligomers. 

Hyaluronic acid, or hyaluronan, is a non-sulfated non-epimerized, linear, endogenous glycosaminoglycan existing in vivo as a polyanion of hyaluronic acid and composed of... 

As in other tissues, brain glycosaminoglycans are found both as the non-sulfated unconjugated hyaluronic acid ([GlcU P3 GlcNAc P4]n), and as the sulfated and... 

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