Non-heated Formulations

One of the major characteristics of metofluthrin is its vapor activity at room temperature, which is not seen in the majority of knockdown pyrethroids, such as d-allethrin and prallethrin. We will describe a fan-type formulation where a motor turns a fan and the active ingredient is vaporized by the airflow from it at room temperature and a no-fan vaporizing formulation where the active ingredient is held in a paper, resin or other carrier without heating and without any motive force being provided. 

Practical tests using a similar Denguri formulation were conducted on Lombok Island in Indonesia and in Nagasaki, Japan. In a house on Lombok Island, a 

Finally, we will briefly describe polymer-based resin formulations. Resins are suitable as the carriers for active ingredients, such as metofluthrin. Their durability, waterproof characteristic, and highly flexible properties make them highly suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. 

Practical tests using resin formulations were conducted in Vietnam. Resin formulations containing 1 g of metofluthrin exhibited excellent spatial repellent effects against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti for at least six weeks, confirming the practicability of this formulation [10]. 

---

Vapor Action Activity Evaluation in Non-Heating Formulation at Room Temperature Against Common House Mosquitoes (C. pipiens pallens)... 

Figures. Effectiveness oftetrafluorobenzyl derivatives in non-heated formulations against Culexpipiens pollen.

From these compounds, we selected compounds methyl, methoxy, and methoxy-methyl derivatives as R substituents, taking into consideration their molecular weight, basic efficacy, ease of synthesis, and other physical and chemical properties, and evaluated their vapor activities with their chrysanthemic derivatives in a non-heated formulation. The results presented in Figure 6 clearly demonstrate that the methoxymethyl derivate (9) shows a significantly faster action in comparison with other compounds in the non-heated formulation. As a consequence of these findings, we chose this methoxymethyl derivate to be a new synthetic pyrethroid with high vapor activity against mosquitoes [5]. 

Table 2 Efficiency of metofluthrin in a non-heating vapor formulation with a fan and mosquito coil formulations aganinst various mosquito species ...

Although the non-heated tablets did not disintegrate, they did partially split on their horizontal axis after a few minutes in the dissolution medium. In contrast, the thermally treated tablets remained totally intact. This splitting phenomenon of the non-thermally treated tablets increased the surface area of the tablet which could contribute to the more rapid dissolution rate of drug as compared with the thermally treated tablets. The tablet formulation also contains 60%... 

Whilst the vast majority of parenteral products are rendered sterile either by moist heat sterilization or by filtration through sterilizing grade filters, other methods of sterilization should be considered, particularly in the development of non-aqueous formulations or novel drug delivery systems. For implants, for example, gamma irradiation is an option that should be explored early on in development. 

Before World War II (1939-1945) natural rubber was used for practically all rubber applications. Natural rubber is preferred in many products because of its superior building tack, green stock strength, better processability, high strength in non-black formulations, hot tear resistance, retention of strength at elevated temperatures, better resilience, low heat build-up, fatigue resistance, and better dynamic properties. Rubber products are broadly classified as dry rubber products and latex based products [60]. 

The fust pre-treatment procedure for non-aqueous formulations is represented by the homogenisation of the sample that is obtained by stirring, ultrasonication or centrifugation and filtration. Sometimes, heating or cooling processes are employed, to favour substance transport between phases or to induce precipitation. 

The value of the continuum models is that they do not require a separate solution for the blood subvolume. In each continuum formulation, the behavior of the blood vessels is modeled by introducing assumptions that allow solution of only a single differential equation. But by solving only one equation, all detailed information on the temperature of the blood in individual blood vessels is lost. Several investigators have introduced multiequation models that typically model the tissue, arteries, and veins as three separate, but interacting, subvolumes [13,17,38-40]. As with the other non-Pennes formulations, these methods are difficult to apply to particular clinical applications, but provide theoretical insights into microvascular heat transfer. 

When the rate of advance of the phase boundary is limited by the removal of latent heat or impurities, then the diffusion field modifies the interfacial values of the relevant field variables and therefore the growth shape. The physical picture is as follows As a phase boundary advances, latent heat and/or impurities are emitted at the front. Their build up occurs over a characteristic dimension, or boimdary layer, that depends on their respective diffusivities and the rate of advance. The motion itself is limited by the speed with which this excess is depleted by diffusion. These diffusion-limited xt gimes are generally studied using non-geometric formulations. The reason is that the... 

Bond strength can vary from a temporary bond (non-curing compound) to a substrate tearing bond (using phenolic-modified curing products). Solvent-borne CR adhesives can be formulated to have very short open times for fast production operations or to retain contact bond characteristics for up to 24 h. Heat and solvent reactivation can be used to re-impart tack to dried surfaces. 

The addition of Vamac B-124 to ethyl cyanoacrylate has a more pronounced effect on peel strength, both at ambient temperature and after thermal exposure. After 24 h at ambient temperature, the peel strength of the rubber-toughened formulation is almost 40% greater than the control formulation A without rubber. After heating the test specimens for 2 h at 121°C, the peel strength of formulation A, is almost non-existent, while that of C has increased significantly, as seen in Fig. 7. 

Principles of the methods employed to sterilize pharmaceutical products are described in Chapter 20. The British Pharmacopoeia (1993) recommends autoclaving and filtration as suitable methods applicable to aqueous liquids, and dry heat for non-aqueous and dry sohd preparatiorrs. The choice is determined largely by the ability of the formulation and container to withstand the physical stresses apphed by moist heat... 

Though it is impossible to formulate a complete mathematical representation of the super-rate burning, it is possible to introduce a simplified description based on a dual-pathway representation of the effects of a shift in stoichiometry. Generalized chemical pathways for both non-catalyzed and catalyzed propellants are shown in Fig. 6.26. The shift toward the stoichiometric ratio causes a substantial increase in the reaction rate in the fizz zone and increases the dark zone temperature, a consequence of which is that the heat flux transferred back from the gas phase to the burning surface increases. 

---