Non-digestibility

Dietary fibre, which comprises all the non-digestible structural carbohydrates of plant cell walls and any associate lignin, provides a further example of a complex food-borne factor which cannot be classified as a nutrient, and which continues to generate debate over such issues as definition and analytical techniques. However, whatever the unresolved complexities, dietary fibre has a lengthy history and had proved itself eminently suitable as a component of functional food products long before the term was even coined. 

BUDDINGTON R K, KELLY-QUAGLIANA K, BUDDINGTON K K, KIMURA Y (2002b) Non-digeStible oligosaccharides and defense functions lessons learned from animal models. Br J Nutr. 87 S231-9. 

MCBAIN A J, MACFARLANE G T (2001) Modulation of genotoxic enzyme activities by non-digestible oligosaccharide metabolism in in-vitro human gut bacterial ecosystems. J Med Microbiol. 50 833-42. 

The bioaccessibility of a compound can be defined as the result of complex processes occurring in the lumen of the gut to transfer the compound from a non-digested form into a potentially absorbable form. For carotenoids, these different processes include the disruption of the food matrix, the disruption of molecular linkage, the uptake in lipid droplets, and finally the formation and uptake in micelles. Thus, the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and other lipophilic pigments from foods can be characterized by the efficiency of their incorporation into the micellar fraction in the gut. The fate of a compound from its presence in food to its absorbable form is affected by many factors that must be known in order to understand and predict the efficiency of a compound s bioaccessibility and bioavailability from a certain meal. ... 

Lactulose is the foundation of pharmacologic therapy to prevent and treat hepatic encephalopathy. It is a non-digestible synthetic disaccharide laxative that is hydrolyzed in the gut to an osmotically-active compound that draws water into the colon and stimulates defecation. Lactulose also lowers colonic pH, which favors the conversion of ammonia (NH3) to ammonium (NHf).48 Ammonium is ionic and cannot cross back into systemic circulation it is eliminated in the feces. Lactulose is usually initiated at 15 to 30 mL two to three times per day and titrated to a therapeutic goal of two to four soft bowel movements daily.20 49 50... 

The term prebiotic was introduced by Gibson and Roberfroid (1995) who defined prebiotics as a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon . 

The results of many studies (Perin et al, 2000 Schrezenmeir and de Vrese, 2001 Shin et al, 2000 Gmeiner et al, 2000) point to a synergistic effect of probiotic and prebiotic combinations on the faecal microbiota of experimental animals. This effect was demonstrated by increased total anaerobes, aerobes, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts as well as by decreased Clostridia, Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli counts. The combination of probiotics and non-digestible carbohydrates may be a way of stabilisation and/or improvement of the probiotic effect. 

Starch should provide a high proportion of the energy content of the diet since most foods containing starch contain some non-digestible starch, one form of fibre there are several reasons why fibre is important (Chapter 6). 

Wheat grain, legumes Colon cancer Contains digestion-resistant starch and other non-digestible carbohydrates which increase fermentation in colon and hence production of volatile fatty acids... 

Castor oil is derived from the castor plant Ricinus communis). The castor plant has a long and rich history of uses in human society. The oil from the plant is non-digestible, and is commonly known to be a medicinal purgative. The castor bean contains the protein ricin, a substance that is famously toxic in humans [50]. The lack of food value from the castor plant coupled with the issues of toxicity inherent in extraction of ricin has mostly limited the use of castor oil to the industrial sector. 

Girls displaying lower Ca absorption during the placebo period benefited most from the addition of non-digestible, fermentable, oligofructose. 

Ca Abs from CCM in OJ during intake of die placebo or with die non-digestible, fermentable oligosaccharide treatments were high despite the fact diat subjects e xceeded the AI recommended for Ca. 

Griffin, I. J., Davila, P. M., and Abrams, S. A. (2002). Non-digestible oligosaccharides and calcium absorption in girls with adequate calcium intakes. Br. ]. Nutr. 87, S187-S191. 

Non-digestable sugar substitutes and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors should probably not be used in combination. 

A major fraction of paddy rice is the hull. The hull is non-digestible, fibrous and abrasive in character, and has a low bulk density and a high ash content, ft is used only in limited, low-value applications, such as in animal feed, in chicken litter, as a juice pressing aid and as fuel.15... 

Rowland, I., Influence of non-digestible oligosaccharides on gut functions related to colon cancer, in Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides Healthy Food for the Colon Hartemink, R., Ed., Wageningen Pers., The Netherlands, 1998, pp. 100-105. 

A most important factor needing to be considered when using surfactants is that they are non-bio degradable, non-digestible, and moreover, tend to induce allergic reactions in humans. Recently, Jeon et al. [24] proposed a surfactant-free method for the preparation of PLGA nanoparticles as an alternative. 

However, excessive consumption of non-digestible carbohydrates, such as polydextrose, can lead to gastrointestinal distress. After evaluating a series of clinical studies, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Commission Scientific Committee for Eood (EC/ SCF) concluded that polydextrose was better tolerated than other digestible carbohydrates such as polyols. The committee concluded that polydextrose has a mean laxative threshold of approximately 90 g/day (1.3 g/kg body-weight) or 50 g as a single dose. See also Section 18. 

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