Non-attainment area

As of November 1, 1992, all gasoline sold in the 39 CO nonattainment areas contained 2.7 wt% oxygen during the winter months. Beginning January 1, 1995, regulations mandated that gasoline sold in the nine worst ozone non-attainment areas contain at least 2.0 wt% oxygen and not more than 1 vol% benzene and 25 vol% total aromatics. Other cities that have had mobile source emission problems can optin voluntarily to the use of reformulated fuels. 

From 1995 through 2000, a 15% reduction in VOCs and other air toxins was expected in the non-attainment areas. Beginning in the year 2000, an additional reduction of 25% is required unless the EPA determines it too costly or not feasible. Even in that case, the reduction will not be less than 20%. 

NOx emissions were 0.15 lb/106 Btu, which meets the 2003 target emission limits for ozone non-attainment areas, or 1.09 lb/MWh, which exceeds the New Source Performance Standard of 1.6 lb/MWh. 

Particulate Emissions For Paved Roads in Seattle and Tacoma Non-Attainment Areas", Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency, July 1979. 

Today, Low-Btu Gas (LBG) is expected to be preferred in small demand applications for single users located outside of downtown metropolitan areas. Specific industries in which LBG is expected to be most competitive include primary metals, iron ore beneficia-tion, metal finishing, lime brick refractory, and food industries. Another potential market for Low-Btu Gas is in combined cycle power generation. Cleaned Low-Btu Gas may be particularly advantageous when a plant has many separate combustors which, because of the anticipated new environmental standards, would require either multiple scrubbers or a flue gas collection system. Cleaned Low-Btu Gas is also one of the few options available to a user planning a plant expansion in a non-attainment area. 

An area may be in an attaiiunent status for one pollutant and in a nonattainment status for another pollutant. In most areas, PSD authority has been assigned to either the state or local jurisdiction. The use of the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) is required for each pollutant and is based on the emission level and capital and operating costs. Regulations in non-attainment areas are required to meet the EPA s New Source Review (NSR) regulations. 

Overall, there is a downward trend in urban air pollution in the United States. However, the EPA reports that there are still 126 million people in the United States living in non-attainment areas where emission levels of at least one of the pollutants included in the CAA exceed the NAAQS (EPA 2003a). The EPA further reports that in the 263 metropolitan areas examined, 34 had upward trends in air... 

Process Heaters. The subject process heaters are located in a refinety which is in an ozone non-attainment area. The No. 1 process heater bums refinery off-gas at 52,750 MJ/hr or 50 MMBtu/hr heat input The No. 2 heater fires at 186,735 MJ/hr or 177 MMBtu/hr with refmery off-gas and supplemental natural gas. The use of urea-based SNCR reduced NOx emissions of No. 1 furnace heater from approximately 100 ppm to 30 ppm or 70% (Figure 7). The NOx emissions of No. 2 fiimace heater was reduced fom 90 ppm to 38 ppm or 58% (Figure 8). This... 

Areas that do not meet the established NAAQS or that affect the ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet NAAQS for die pollutant are known as non-attainment areas. In the U.S., an estimated 90 milhon people live in these areas. These areas may be further classified based on die severity of non-attainment and the availability and flexibility of the pollution control measures believed necessary to achieve attainment. A State Imple-... 

Ozone non-attainment areas are classified according to the severity of the pollution problem (see Figure 19.2). These areas also have to achieve VOC reduction as determined by the non-attainment classification. A 15 percent VOC reduction in non-attainment areas, classified as moderate and above, was required by 1996. Also, Section 182(c)(2)(B) requires that non-attainment areas classified as serious and above follow with a 3 percent VOC reduction per year. ... 

Facihties located in non-attainment areas or that are increasing emissions in such areas must apply for a state permit prior to starting construction. The permit must codify that they are applying Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate (LAER). LAER is also estabhshed on a case by case basis. They also need to obtain equivalent offsetting emissions reductions (Offsets) from existing soxuces within the non-attainment area. Unlike BACT, a LAER determination does not consider economic, energy, or other cross-media impacts. 

In the U.S. the 1991 Clean Air Act Amendment will require the reformulation of gasoline in CO and ozone non-attainment areas. A number of areas that are currently not non-attainment will also have the right to opt for reformulated gasoline. Estimates of the volume of gasoline affected vary, but a likely scenario is that about half of the gasoline sold in the U.S. could be reformulated in the 1990 s. The drive for reformulated gasoline is to reduce CO, NO, and hydrocarbon emissions. 

Many of the combustion power plants in the U.S. will be affected by NO, and ozone air quality standards. The new regulations for ozone non-attainment areas will affect virtually all existing power plants located in urban areas, particularly in Southern California s South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) and throughout the Northeast. The... 

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