Non-attainment

Reduces or eliminates local VOC requirements in ozone non-attainment and maintenance areas. 

Horn, F. (1965). Attainable and non-attainable regions in chemical reaction technique, in Third European Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering Pergammon Press London, 293-302. 

As of November 1, 1992, all gasoline sold in the 39 CO nonattainment areas contained 2.7 wt% oxygen during the winter months. Beginning January 1, 1995, regulations mandated that gasoline sold in the nine worst ozone non-attainment areas contain at least 2.0 wt% oxygen and not more than 1 vol% benzene and 25 vol% total aromatics. Other cities that have had mobile source emission problems can optin voluntarily to the use of reformulated fuels. 

From 1995 through 2000, a 15% reduction in VOCs and other air toxins was expected in the non-attainment areas. Beginning in the year 2000, an additional reduction of 25% is required unless the EPA determines it too costly or not feasible. Even in that case, the reduction will not be less than 20%. 

NOx emissions were 0.15 lb/106 Btu, which meets the 2003 target emission limits for ozone non-attainment areas, or 1.09 lb/MWh, which exceeds the New Source Performance Standard of 1.6 lb/MWh. 

Curvature may result when kinetic data are plotted. This may be due to an incorrect assumption of reaction order. If first-order kinetics is assumed and the reaction is really second order, downward curvature is observed. If second-order kinetics is assumed but the reaction is first-order, upward curvature is observed. Curvature can also be due to fractional, third, higher, or mixed reaction orders. Non-attainment of equilibrium often results in downward curvature. Temperature changes during the study can also cause curvature thus, it is important for temperature to be controlled accurately during a kinetic experiment. 

Particulate Emissions For Paved Roads in Seattle and Tacoma Non-Attainment Areas", Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency, July 1979. 

Rao, S. T I. G. Zurbenko, P. S. Porter, J. Y. Ku, and R. F. Hemy, Dealing with the Ozone Non-Attainment Problem in the Eastern United States, Environ. Manage., Air Waste Manage. Assoc., January, 17-31 (1996). 

The reasons for the non-attainment of the PM10 limit values were also stated in the notifications of time extensions. In most cases, it was stated that non-attainment by 2005 could be attributed inter alia to a delay in the implementation of measures, or certain measures leading to a lower level of emission reductions than expected. An increase in road traffic is stated as a reason for non-attainment especially in eastern European countries. An increase of primary NO2 emissions due to an increasing share of diesel vehicles has been reported e.g. by France, Germany, Italy and UK. 

Today, Low-Btu Gas (LBG) is expected to be preferred in small demand applications for single users located outside of downtown metropolitan areas. Specific industries in which LBG is expected to be most competitive include primary metals, iron ore beneficia-tion, metal finishing, lime brick refractory, and food industries. Another potential market for Low-Btu Gas is in combined cycle power generation. Cleaned Low-Btu Gas may be particularly advantageous when a plant has many separate combustors which, because of the anticipated new environmental standards, would require either multiple scrubbers or a flue gas collection system. Cleaned Low-Btu Gas is also one of the few options available to a user planning a plant expansion in a non-attainment area. 

It is not easy to know how close industrial catalytic S02 oxidation comes to equilibrium. Our opinion is that it comes quite close, especially if the beds are run somewhat above their catalyst activation temperature. The effect of non-attainment is demonstrated in Fig. 18.10. 

V]ariables such as recycle flow rate and composition of the product form a space which in general can be divided into an attainable region and a non-attainable region. The attainable region corresponds to the totality of physically possible reactors.. . . Once the border is known the optimum reactor corresponding to a certain environment can be found by simple geometric considerations. 

The Clean Air Act has had a significant impact on ambient levels of the pollutants that it regulates. Acid precipitation and surface water acidity have been reduced, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast. Ozone nonattainment has not been so successful, as ozone formation is closely linked to emissions of nitrogen oxides, which are not as tightly regulated. Charts showing non-attainment regions can be downloaded from www.epa.gov. 

An area may be in an attaiiunent status for one pollutant and in a nonattainment status for another pollutant. In most areas, PSD authority has been assigned to either the state or local jurisdiction. The use of the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) is required for each pollutant and is based on the emission level and capital and operating costs. Regulations in non-attainment areas are required to meet the EPA s New Source Review (NSR) regulations. 

A more effective approach to clean air policy, and one example of a sensible program being implemented by the federal government, is the Clean Air Interstate Rule or CAIR, intended to reduce emissions of particulate matter and NO in the eastern United States. EPA finalized the CAIR rules on March 10, 2005 in response to a finding of non-attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter and ozone formation. CAIR requires reductions in SOj and NOj emissions from coal-fired power plants the emissions limits spelled out in the CAIR plan affect electric utilities in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia. Emissions reductions are to be achieved through a market-based cap-and-trade system similar to other air pollution programs EPA has put into practice over the last few decades. 

Overall, there is a downward trend in urban air pollution in the United States. However, the EPA reports that there are still 126 million people in the United States living in non-attainment areas where emission levels of at least one of the pollutants included in the CAA exceed the NAAQS (EPA 2003a). The EPA further reports that in the 263 metropolitan areas examined, 34 had upward trends in air... 

Process Heaters. The subject process heaters are located in a refinety which is in an ozone non-attainment area. The No. 1 process heater bums refinery off-gas at 52,750 MJ/hr or 50 MMBtu/hr heat input The No. 2 heater fires at 186,735 MJ/hr or 177 MMBtu/hr with refmery off-gas and supplemental natural gas. The use of urea-based SNCR reduced NOx emissions of No. 1 furnace heater from approximately 100 ppm to 30 ppm or 70% (Figure 7). The NOx emissions of No. 2 fiimace heater was reduced fom 90 ppm to 38 ppm or 58% (Figure 8). This... 

The last column in Table 2.5 shows the number of days with non-attainment of the air quality standard. Non-attainment is assigned to a particular day when the daily averaged PMio... 

Year Average Maximum Minimum No. of non-attainment days... 

Areas that do not meet the established NAAQS or that affect the ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet NAAQS for die pollutant are known as non-attainment areas. In the U.S., an estimated 90 milhon people live in these areas. These areas may be further classified based on die severity of non-attainment and the availability and flexibility of the pollution control measures believed necessary to achieve attainment. A State Imple-... 

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