Nomenclature, polymer prefix “poly

The names given to the polymers in the following table exemplify elementary aspects of nomenclature. Thus source-based nomenclature places the prefix poly before the name of the monomer, the monomer s name being contained within parentheses unless it is a simple single word. In structure-based nomenclature the prefix poly is followed in parentheses by words which describe the chemical structure of the repeat unit. 

The nomenclature of PCMU is based on that developed for complex compounds [23] with a prefix poly being added to the name of the corresponding substance. Thus polymers 3 and 4 are termed poly copper(II) p-vinylbenzoylacetonate [24] and poly palladium(II) dioximate [25], respectively ... 

The nomenclature of polymers is somewhat complex, due in part to the fact that the majority of polymers have more than one correct name moreover, in some cases the registered trade names are also used to denote some polymers. The criterion adopted here is to use names that most clearly and simply state the chemical structures of the polymers. The polymers in Tables 1.1a and 1.1b have been named following the basic rules of nomenclature. Thus, the prefix poly is placed before the name of the monomer, and the name of the monomer is set within parentheses unless it is a simple word. In the case of repeating units containing more than one monomer (examples in Table 1.1b), the words contained in parentheses after the prefix poly must describe the chemical structure of the repeating unit. 

For the common nomenclature the usual practice is to name a polymer according to its source, i.e., the monomer(s) used in its synthesis, and the generic term used is poly"monomer", whether or not the monomer is real. The prefix poly is added on to the name of the monomer to form... 

For the common nomenclature the usual practice is to name a polymer according to its source, i.e., the monomer(s) used in its synthesis, and the generic term used is poly monomer , whether or not the monomer is real. The prefix poly is added on to the name of the monomer to form a single word, e.g., polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyacrylonitrile (see Table 1.1). However, when the monomer has a multiworded name, the name of the monomer after the prefix poly is enclosed in parentheses, e.g., poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (Table 1.1). 

The nomenclature used by polymer scientists is based on the common name of the reactant monomer preceded by the prefix poly . For example, polystyrene is the most frequently used name for the polymer derived from the monomer commonly known as styrene, and polyethylene is derived from the monomer... 

Polymers are usually named according to the monomers from which they are prepared source-based nomenclature). When the name of the monomer is one word, the polymer is named by simply adding the prefix poly-. When the name of the monomer is two words, they are enclosed in parentheses and preceded by poly. 

On the other hand, modern nomenclature is based on the chemical structure of the macromolecules. The name of a polymer of unspecified degree of polymerization consists of the prefix poly and the name of the smallest repeating unit. With unbranched polymers, the smallest repeating unit is a diradical. The name of this diradical is the same as that met with in the nomenclature for low-molecular-weight organic diradicals. Thus, the group —CH2— is called methylene and the corresponding polymer is called poly(methylene) (example 1 in Table 1-4). The diradicals —CH2—CH2— and —CH2—CH(CH3)— do not have simple definitive names the trivial names ethylene and propylene are retained. Examples of names for other diradicals are as follows ... 

Traditionally, polymers have been named by attaching the prefix poly to the name of the CRU, real or assumed monomer, the source from which it is derived. Thus, PS is the polymer made from styrene. When the name of the monomer consists of two or more words, parentheses should be used, but for common polymers such as polyvinylchloride, polyvinylacetate, etc., it is customary to omit them. Different types of polymerization can take place with many monomers, and there are different ways for obtaining a polymer. For example, name such as polyvinyl alcohol refers to a hypothetical source, since this polymer is obtained by hydrolysis of poly vinylacetate. In spite of deficiencies, the source-based nomenclature is still entrenched in the literature. It is also the basis for naming and classifying copolymers (see Table 1.5). 

Representing crosslinked polymers is more complicated. There is the same difficulty in nomenclature for crosslinked polymers. As a result, standard denominations were introduced for this class of polymers. After the prefix poly , there is the name of the functional group that bonds the repetition units (polyaldehyde, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, polysulfide, polyphosphonitrile, etc.) (Rudin, 1999). 

The Principle of Source-Based Nomenclature. Traditionally, polymers have been named by attaching the prefix poly to the name of the real... 

The new system also provides a structure-based alternative to source-based nomenclature for copolymers. Irregular polymers, oligomers, or blocks are named by placing the prefix poly before the structure-based names of the constitutional units the latter are collectively enclosed in parentheses, with the names of the component constitutional units separated by solidi (oblique strokes). 

The structure-based nomenclature rests upon the selection of a preferred CRU [1, 12] of which the polymer is a multiple the name of the polymer is the name of this repeating unit prefixed by poly . The unit itself is named wherever possible according to the established principles of organic nomenclature [3]. For double-strand polymers, this unit usually is a tetravalent group denoting attachment to four atoms. Since some of these attachments may be double bonds, the unit may be hexavalent or octavalent. Table 6 lists some examples. 

The polymer is commonoly referred to as poly(dimethylsiloxane), but the IUPAC name is either poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl) or catena-poly[(diphenylsilicon)-p-oxo] depending on whether one uses the nomenclature rules for organic or inorganic polymers. The prefix catena refers to a linear polymer, not branched or crosslinked. 

The prefix g describes graft copolymers and the prefix b describes block copolymers. In this system of nomenclature, the first polymer segment corresponds to the homopolymer or copolymer that was formed during the first stage of the synthesis. Should this be a graft copolymer then this will represent the backbone polymer. For instance, if polystyrene is graft copolymerized with polyethylene, the product is called poly(ethylene-g-styrene). A more complex example can be poly (butadiene-co-styrene-g-acrylonitrile-co-vinylidine chloride). Similarly, examples of block copolymers would be poly(acrylonitrile- -methyl methacrylate) or poly(methyl methacry late- -acry lonitrile). 

Copolymers. Copolymers are polymers that are derived from more than one species of monomer (22). Similarly to homopolymers, source-based nomenclature has been applied to copolymers (14). The principal problem in this scheme is to define the kind of arrangement in which various types of monomeric units are related to each other. Seven types of separate arrangements have been defined, which are shown in Table 3, where A, B, and C represent the names of monomers. The monomer names are linked through an italicized qualifier used as either a connective (infix), such as -co-, to form the name of the copolymer, as in poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), or a prefix, such as co . The order of citation of the monomers is arbitrary. 

Names for specific polymers which derive from the names of the parent monomers are described as source-based. Most efforts of the lUPAC have been made to develop structure-based names, but source-based names are allowed and the nomenclature for copolymers is source-based. By convention, the name of a homopolymer is the name of the parent monomer, prefixed by poly . If the monomer name consist of more than one word, and for names containing substituents, parentheses are used for example poly(vinyl chloride), poly(tetrafluoroethylene). Also hypothetical monomers can be found in source-based names if the polymer is formed by modification of another polymer (for example poly (vinyl alcohol) which is obtained from modification of poly(vinyl acetate)). Examples for source-based names are given in Table 5.3.1 together with their corresponding structure-based names. Furthermore, common names may be used for monomers which are also used in the corresponding polymer name (see Table 5.3.2). ... 

Polymers are named by rules laid out by the lUPAC Nomenclature Committee (8,9). For many simple polymers the source-based name utilizes the monomer name prefixed by poly. If the monomer name has two or more words, parentheses are placed around the monomer name. Thus, in the above, the monomer ethyl acrylate is polymerized to make poly(ethyl acrylate). Source-based and lUPAC names are compared in Appendix 1.1. 

Regular single-strand polymer chains can be represented as multiples of a preferred bivalent constitutional repeating unit (CRU) which can itself be named according to the rules for the nomenclature of organic chemistry . The name of the pol5mier is poly(CRU) . End groups are specified by prefixes placed ahead of the name of the polymer. 

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