Nomenclature Foundation

Design of vessel and vent line pipe supports is very important because very large forces can be encountered as soon as venting begins. Figure 4 shows the equations and nomenclature to calculate forces on pipe bends. The authors have heard of situations where vent line bends have been straightened, lines broken off, or vent catch tanks knocked off their foundations by excessive forces. For bends, the transient effects of the initial shock wave, the transition from vapor flow to two-phase flow, and steady state conditions should be considered. Transient conditions, however, are likely to be so rapid as to not have enough dura-... 

Since its foundation in 1956 the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) has continually revised and updated the list of enzymes. Entries for new enzymes have been added, others have been deleted completely, or transferred to another EC number in the original class or to different EC classes, catalyzing other types of chemical reactions. The old numbers have not been allotted to new enzymes instead the place has been left vacant or cross-references given to the changes in nomenclature. 

This untiring activity led Professor Courtois to become involved with many international authorities where he worked at the highest level these included the International Unions of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and of Biochemistry, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (of which he was the president from 1964 to 1968), the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (taking part in its foundation), and International Commissions of Nomenclature. In all these authorities, his experience, his common sense, and his characteristic optimism were greatly appreciated. 

Professor Jones s participation in professional societies and affairs outside the University were as follows Rapporteur for the Royal Society of Canada (Chemical Section) in 1971, and Convenor in 1972 Member of the Advisory Committee to the Atlantic Regional Laboratories of the National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia Member of the Board of Governors of the Ontario Research Foundation Member of the Board of Advisors for the British Commonwealth for Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry Member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Carbohydrate Research Chairman of the Fourth International Conference on Carbohydrate Chemistry, which was held in Kingston in 1967 and a Corresponding Member of the Nomenclature Committee of the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry, American Chemical Society. Professor Jones was a member of The Chemical Society, the Biochemical Society, the Royal Institute of Chemistry (Associate), the Chemical Institute of Canada, the American Chemical Society, and the New York Academy of Sciences. 

Because the objective of this treatise is to form a uniform nomenclature that spans all of chemistry, many of the starting premises that are the foundation of the disparate subdivisions of chemistry have been re-examined. These premises were mainly of a historical, rather than a rational, origin, and, in many instances have been shown to be inconsistent. In their place, choices have been made with a global, rather than a local, and with an analytic, rather than a synthetic, approach in mind. Beginning with the selection in Chapter 1 of a "primary path", the nomenclature being developed eliminates ... 

As indicated in Chapter 1, the constitution of a given molecule, monomer, or ion is the foundation on which the entire concept of chemical nomenclature has been based. With this in mind, there is a convenient representation of such moieties using a connectivity matrix. As an example, compare the antiquated perspective of the benzene molecule as 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene (Table 1) with the chemically more accurate matrix (Table 2) that has (3 bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Table 3 is an abbreviation of Table 2 using the C designation. 

At this time it should be noted that in the process of creating such a unified nomenclature, there is the need to re-examine and occasionally to reformulate the geometrical foundations upon which the present understanding of chemistry is based. This sometimes means viewing from different perspectives some of the "elementary" physics that underlie chemical taxonomy. 

Today the undying fame of Lavoisier rests not upon these fleeting social palliatives but upon the secure foundation of his explanation of burning, and the simplified chemical nomenclature we have inherited from him. Armed with these new weapons, men were equipped to storm other bulwarks of chemical obstruction. 

The foundations of chemistry were now more or less completed. Phlogiston had been slain, and Lavoisier s theory of burning was safely established. De Morveau s new chemical nomenclature had been accepted, and Dalton had promulgated his atomic theory, which clearly explained two cornerstones of the structure of chemistry—the Laws of Constant Composition and Multiple Proportions. 

T9. Triolo, V. A., Nineteenth century foundation of cancer research advances in tumor pathology, nomenclature, and theories of oncogenesis. Cancer Res. 25, 75—106 (1965). 

The period during which the foundations of present carbohydrate nomenclature assumed a systematic form covers the years 1890-1895 the system is due to Emil Fischer and its conventions were devised by him because they were necessary for clarity in the description of his sugar researches. His main proposals for nomenclature were made in successive steps during this period, and a study of the order of the historical record leaves no doubt that the subject assumed form in his mind by... 

In this brief contemplation of the evolution of chemical nomenclature, no attempt can be made to probe into the multiplicity of small changes in usage of prefixes, suffixes, etc., which have occurred during the past two centuries. The number of such variations is legion, and to attempt to recapitulate even selective examples would quickly become tedious and soporific. This paper, therefore, proposes first to re-examine our nomen-clatural foundations, next to review their extension to the organic field, and finally to direct attention to a few contemporary problems which are beginning to assume substantial magnitude. 

Steroids. This problem is more limited than that of the vitamins. Some excellent preparatory work was accomplished at a conference held at the Ciba Foundation in London, on May 30 and June 1, 1950. This preliminary report has been revised and amended. Byron Riegel has sent it to the members of the Commissions for Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. 

The terminology associated with kidney diseases has been amended and is clarified here. Previously, renal failure was divided into either acute renal failure (ARF) or chronic renal failure (CRF). These terms indicate the rate at which damage occurs rather than the mechanism by which it occurs. Landmark guidelines developed in the USA by the National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI) attempt to evaluate, classify, and stratify CKD (see Table 45-6). The term renal has largely been replaced by Iddney when referring to chronic disease since it is better understood by patients and nonspecialists. However, acute renal failure (ARF) remains standard nomenclature along with ESRD. 

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