Nocturnal

Common side effects of theophylline therapy include headache, dyspepsia, and nausea. More serious side effects such as lethal seizures or cardiac arrythmias can occur if blood levels are too high. Many derivatives of theophylline have been prepared in an effort to discover an analogue without these limitations (60,61). However, the most universal solution has resulted from the development of reHable sustained release formulations. This technology limits the peaks and valleys in semm blood levels that occur with frequent dosing of immediate release formulations. ControUed release addresses the problems inherent in a dmg which is rapidly metabolized but which is toxic at levels ( >20 7g/mL) that are only slightly higher than the therapeutically efficacious ones (10—20 p.g/mL). Furthermore, such once-a-day formulations taken just before bedtime have proven especially beneficial in the control of nocturnal asthma (27,50,62). 

Fig. 12. Profile of patterned dehvery of salbutamol, for nocturnal asthma, from an elementary osmotic pump. A delayed pulse of salbutamol, superimposed...

This occurs when the nocturnal inversion is dissipated by heat from the morning sun. The lapse layer usually starts at the ground and works its way upward (less rapidly in winter than in summer). Fumigation may also occur in sea-breeze circulations during late morning or early afternoon. The shaded zone of strong concentration is that portion of the plume which has not yet been mixed downward. 

Eculizumab Anti-complement protein C5 Paroxysmal nocturnal haematuria... 

Chloroquine (Aralen) is also used in die treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis (see section on Amebicides). Doxycycline is also used to treat infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, and Bacillus anthracis when penicillin is contraindicated. Quinine also may be used for die prevention and treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. 

Individuals with hereditary low plasma cholinesterase levels (Kalow 1956 Lehman and Ryan 1956) and those with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which is related to abnormally low levels of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (Auditore and Hartmann 1959), would have increased susceptibility to the effects of anticholinesterase agents such as methyl parathion. Repeated measurements of plasma cholinesterase activity (in the absence of organophosphate exposure) can be used to identify individuals with genetically determined low plasma cholinesterase. 

Auditore JV, Hartmann RC. 1959. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria—II. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase defect. Am J Med 27 401-410. 

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (MIM 311770) Mutation resulting in deficient attachment of the GPI anchor to certain proteins of the red cell membrane... 

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (MIM 311770) Acquired defect in biosynthesis of the GPf structures of decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59. 

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinemia (MIM 311770) Mutations in the PIG-A gene, affecting synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins... 

It is most probable that sleep and waking stem from an inherent cycle of neuronal activity that can be influenced dramatically by changes in sensory stimulation. This is demonstrable not only in humans and laboratory animals, but also in invertebrates. Thus, while we cannot be sure that other animals sleep in the same way that we do, they do show a circadian cycle of motor activity. In some (nocturnal) species, such as the rat, this activity is actually highest during darkness. Even aplysia, the sea hare, has such a rhythm but this is more like that of humans in being maximally active during daylight (diurnal). 

One compound from this series, (10), has been tested in vitro in human myometrium tissue obtained at term following caesarean section and shown to inhibit contractions induced by oxytocin [44] with a pA2 of 7.6. This is one of the first direct indications that the use of an oxytocin antagonist may be of benefit in the treatment of preterm labour in humans. This compound has been extensively studied in the near-term baboon and has been shown to inhibit nocturnal and near-term contractions following an intravenous bolus injection [45]. Further studies on the effect of oxytocin antagonism in the weeks leading up to delivery in the baboon have also been published [46]. 

Macroscelidea (1/1) The Elephant Shrews as nocturnal scavengers of invertebrates are well endowed for both systems (Broom, 1902 Wohrmann-Repenning, 1987 Kratzing, 1988). 

Ultra-sound emissions typically occur when male rodents are exposed to female odours or altricial neonates to maternal sources (Whitney, 1974 Conely and Bell, 1978). Without the VNO, sexually inexperienced male mice do not utter emissions at ultra-high frequencies (UHF), whereas those with prior experience vocalise after VN-x, as discussed above (Chap. 5). Female mouse urine contains a unique UHF-eliciting component which is non-volatile but ephemeral (Sipos et al., 1995). The signal is degraded by oxidation and disappears within 15 to 18 hours of deposition. Direct contact with freshly voided urine must occur before males will vocalise (sexually experienced or inexperienced). At least one of the olfactory systems is needed for UHF to be elicited by fresh urine complete deafferentation abolishes the response (Sipos et al., 1993). Exposure to females permits UHF to be elicited by other than chemical cues (Labov and Wysocki, 1989). Nocturnal or cryptic species conceivably use ultrasound to advertise male presence whether this is to deter other males or assist with female location is unclear. 

Evans C.S. and Schilling A. (1995). The accessory (vomeronasal) chemoreceptor system in some Prosimians. In Creatures of the Dark The Nocturnal Prosimians (Altermann L., Doyle G. and Izard M.K., eds.). Plenum, New York, pp. 393-412. 

Symptoms of left-sided heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), whereas symptoms of right-sided heart failure include fluid retention, gastrointestinal bloating, and fatigue. 

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