Nobel Prize in Chemistry for

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) was born in Portland Ore gon and was educated at Oregon State University and at the California Institute of Technology where he earned a Ph D in chemistry in 1925 In addition to re search in bonding theory Pauling studied the structure of proteins and was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for that work in 1954 Paul ing won a second Nobel Prize (the Peace Prize) in 1962 for his efforts to limit the testing of nuclear weapons He was one of only four scientists to have won two Nobel Prizes The first double winner was a woman Can you name her" ... 

Although better known now for his incorrect theory that cycloalkanes were planar Baeyer was responsible for notable advances in the chemistry of organic dyes such as indigo and was awarded the 1905 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in that area... 

The French chemist Paul Sabatier received the 1912 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his discovery that finely di vided nickel is an effective hydrogenation catalyst... 

Fischer was the foremost or game chemist of the late nineteenth century He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his pioneering work in carbohydrate and protein chemistry... 

A particular kind of conjugate addition reaction earned the Nobel Prize in chemistry for Otto Diels and Kurt Alder of the University of Kiel (Germany) m 1950 The Diels-Alder reaction is the conjugate addition of an alkene to a diene Using 1 3 buta diene as a typical diene the Diels-Alder reaction may be represented by the general equation... 

Robinson won the 1947 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his studies of natural prod ucts He may also have been the first to use curved arrows to track electron movement... 

Richard R Ernst of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technol ogy wonthe 1991 Nobel Prize in chemistry for devis ing pulse relaxation NMR techniques... 

The reaction is named after Georg Wittig a German chemist who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in chemistry for demonstrating its synthetic potential... 

Sidney Altman (Yale Univer sity) and Thomas Cech (University of Colorado) shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in chemistry for showing that RNAs could function as biological catalysts... 

In the early 1950s, Ziegler observed that certain heterogeneous catalysts based on transition metals polymerized ethylene to a linear, high density material at modest pressures and temperatures. Natta showed that these catalysts also could produce highly stereospecific poly-a-olefins, notably isotactic polypropylene, and polydienes. They shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work. 

Frontier orbital analysis is a powerful theory that aids our understanding of a great number of organic reactions. Its early development is attributed to Professor Kenichi Fukui of Kyoto University, Japan. The application of frontier orbital methods to Diels-Alder reactions represents one part of what organic chemists refer to as the Woodward-Hoffmann rides, a beautifully simple analysis of organic reactions by Professor R. B. Woodward of Harvard University and Professor Roald Hoffmann of Cornell University. Professors Fukui and Hoffmann were corecipients of the 1981 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work. 

Merrifield was awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis. 

The structure of the UQ-cyt c reductase, also known as the cytochrome bc complex, has been determined by Johann Deisenhofer and his colleagues. (Deisenhofer was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the structure of a photosynthetic reaction center [see Chapter 22]). The complex is a dimer, with each monomer consisting of 11 protein subunits and 2165 amino acid residues (monomer mass, 248 kD). The dimeric structure is pear-shaped and consists of a large domain that extends 75 A into the mito-... 

Catalytic oxidation of NH3 to HNO3 (1901) developed on an industrial scale by W. Ostwald (awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on catalysis). 

F. Haber s catalytic synthesis of NH3 developed in collaboration with C. Bosch into a large-scale industrial process by 1913. (Hater was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements Bosch shared the 1931 Nobel Prize for contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods , the Hater synthesis of NH3 being the first high-pressure industrial process.)... 

Lars Onsager was a Noiwegian-Americaii chemist and physicist who received the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. ... 

George Andrew Olah (1927-) was born in Budapest. Hungary, and received a doctorate in 1949 at the Technical University of Budapest. During the Hungarian revolution in 1956. he immigrated to Canada and joined the Dow Chemical Company. After moving to the United States, he was professor of chemistry at Case Western Reserve University (1965-1977) and then at the University of Southern California (1977- ). He received the 1994 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on carbocations. 

Herbert Charles Brown (1912-20D4) was born in London to Ukrainian parents and brought to the United States in 1914. Brown received his PhD. in 1938 from the University of Chicago, taught at Chicago and at Wayne State University, and then became professor of chemistry at Purdue University. The author of more than 1000 scientific papers, he received the 1979 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on organoboranes. 

Richard Willstatter 11872-19421 was born in Karlsruhe, Germany, and obtained his Ph.D. from the Technische Hochschule, Munich (18951. He was professor ol chemistry at the universities of Zurich, Berlin, and then Munich (1916-1924). In 1915, he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on elucidating the structure of chlorophyll. Nevertheless, as a Jew, he was subjected to anti-Semitic pressure that caused him to resign his position at Munich in 1924. He continued to work privately. 

William S. Knowles (1917-) was born in Taunton, Massachusetts, and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942. Following his graduate studies, he began work at the Monsanto Company in St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained until his retirement in 1986. He received the 2001 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on enantiosefective synthesis, one of the few non-academic scientists to be thus honored. 

William Howard Stein fl 911-1980) was born in New York City and received his Ph.D. in 1938 from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons. He immediately joined the faculty of the Rockefeller Institute, where he remained until his death. In 1972, he shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work with Stanford Moore on developing methods of amino acid analysis and for determining the structure of ribonuclease. 

After 10 years on the faculty at Cambridge, he joined the Medical Research Council in 1951, where he has remained. In 1958. he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his determination of the structure of insulin, and in 1980 he became only the fourth person ever to win 3 second Nobel Prize. This second prize was awarded for his development of b method for determining the sequence of nucleotides In DNA. 

These steps can be repeated to add one amino acid at a time to the growing chain or to link two peptide chains together. Many remarkable achievements in peptide synthesis have been reported, including a complete synthesis of human insulin. Insulin is composed of two chains totaling 51 amino acids linked by two disulfide bridges. Its structure was determined by Frederick Sanger, who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work. 

In 1903, the Curies received the Nobel Prize in physics (with Becquerel) for the discovery of radioactivity. Three years later, Pierre Curie died at the age of 46, the victim of a tragic accident. Fie stepped from behind a carriage in a busy Paris street and was run down by a horse-driven truck. That same year, Marie became the first woman instructor at the Sorbonne. In 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of radium and polonium, thereby becoming the first person to win two Nobel Prizes. 

A different approach to making chiral drugs is asymmetric synthesis. An optically inactive precursor is converted to the drug by a reaction that uses a special catalyst, usually an enzyme (Chapter 11). If all goes well, the product is a single enantiomer with the desired physiological effect In 2001, William S. Knowles, Ryogi Noyori, and K. Barry Sharpless won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for work in this area. 

One of the major advances of science in the first half of this century was the synthesis of ten elements beyond uranium. Glenn T. Seaborg participated in the discovery oj most of these, a sufficient tribute to his outstanding ability as a scientist. For the first such discoveries, those of neptunium and plutonium, he shared with Professor Edwin M. McMillan the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1951. 

Chemical relaxation techniques were conceived and implemented by M. Eigen, who received the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. In a relaxation measurement, one perturbs a previously established chemical equilibrium by a sudden change in a physical variable, such as temperature, pressure, or electric field strength. The experiment is carried out so that the time for the change to be applied is much shorter than that for the chemical reaction to shift to its new equilibrium position. That is to say, the alteration in the physical variable changes the equilibrium constant of the reaction. The concentrations then adjust to their values under the new condition of temperature, pressure, or electric field strength. 

Crutzen, Molina, and Rowland were awarded the 1995 Nobel prize in chemistry for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. ... 

The Nobel prize in Chemistry for the year 1996 was awarded for the discovery of the fullerenes, the third allotropic form of carbon, with Cgo and C70 as the two most prominent representatives. While the fullerenes of course are the epitome of carbon-rich molecular compounds, it is an irony that their synthesis is more of a physical phase transition, taking place under drastic conditions [1]. 

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