Nitroglycerine development

Europe. An incorrect name that persisted for many years was infusorial earth incorrect because Infusoria comprises a group of the animal kingdom (1). Nobel developed the first important iadustrial use of diatomite as an absorbent for Hquid nitroglycerin ia the making of dynamite late ia the nineteenth century. 

An important advance in dynamite was the substitution of ammonium nitrate for part of the nitroglycerin to produce a safer and less expensive explosive. Nobel made this new dynamite successful by devising gelatins that contained from 20 to 60 percent ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate was too hygroscopic, hence, work began to develop a nongelatinous form., The solution, found in 1885, was coating ammonium nitrate with a little paraffin to produce a series of ammonia dynamites,... 

In 1887, Nobel invented Ballistite composed of 40% low nitrogen nitrocellulose and bOPi nitroglycerin. Cut into flakes, it was a good propellant. The British ignored his patcni and developed a similar product called cordite. ... 

DuPont in the U.S. developed about 1909, a smokeless powder from cotton of relatively low nitrogen that was quite soluble in ether alcohol. A small amount of diphenylamine was used as a stabilizer. After forming the grains and removing the liquid, a coating of graphite was added to make the smokeless powder that was used in the U.S. Other double-base types contain about 25% nitroglycerin. Cotton lint for nitration has been replaced by purified wood cellulose. 

The approach taken in the development of an analytical model for the combustion of double-base propellants has been based on the decomposition behavior of the two principal propellant ingredients, nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin. The results of several studies reviewed by Huggett (HI2) and Adams (Al) show that nitrocellulose undergoes exothermic decomposition between 90° and 175°C. In this temperature range, the rate of decomposition follows the simple first-order expression... 

Ms. Moore is admitted with severe chest pain and a possible myocardial infarction. After tests are done, her primary health care provider prescribes transdermal nitroglycerin for her angina. Develop a teaching plan that will show Ms. Moore how and when to apply the transdermal form of nitroglycerin. 

Continuous infusions of nitroglycerin should be initiated at a dose of 5 to 10 mcg/minute and increased every 5 to 10 minutes until symptomatic or hemodynamic improvement. Effective doses range from 35 to 200 mcg/minute. The most common adverse events reported are headache, dose-related hypotension, and tachycardia. A limitation to nitroglycerin s use is the development of tachyphylaxis, or tolerance to its effects,... 

Duke University Office of News Communications. 130-year-old mysteries solved How nitroglycerin works why patients develop tolerance, Duke University Web site. Available online. URL http //www.dukenews.duke.edu/2002/06/nitro0602.html. Accessed on March 11, 2008. 

The first high explosive discovered was probably nitrocellulose, in the period 1833 to 1846, but its development was long delayed by difficulties in obtaining a stable product. The two major discoveries in this field were of nitroglycerine by Sobrero in 1847 and TNT by Wilbrand in 1863. Of these, the first to attain commercial importance was nitroglycerine. 

Before nitrates and particularly ammonium nitrate were readily available commercially, explosives were developed based on chlorates and perchlorates. These also are still used in some countries. In general perchlorates are considered less dangerous than chlorates and therefore preferred. They are easily sensitised, so that in addition to explosives of this type based on nitroglycerine, others have been based on various organic liquids, particularly nitrobodies. History shows that chlorates and perchlorates must be regarded as temperamental substances, liable in bulk to lead to inexplicable accidents. Particularly when mixtures of chlorates and oxidising materials are allowed to become wet and then dry out, conditions can arise in which there is an appreciable sensitiveness to friction and impact. Explosives of this type have an unfortunate record of accidents. They are used, therefore, to a limited extent only, now that safer compositions are available. 

Nitroglycerin should be initiated at 5 to 10 mcg/min (0.1 mcg/kg/min) and increased every 5 to 10 minutes as necessary and tolerated. Maintenance doses usually range from 35 to 200 mcg/min (0.5 to 3 mcg/kg/min). Hypotension and an excessive decrease in PAOP are important dose-limiting side effects. Some tolerance develops in most patients over 12 to 72 hours of continuous administration. 

A nitroglycerine microprocessing plant, developed by IMM for the Chinese class-A company Xi an, is an example of the smart scaled-out concept, showing that just one caterpillar micromixer is sufficient for the continuous production of pharmaceutical-degree nitroglycerine, with a throughput of approximately 15 kg/h (Thayer 2006). 

For facilities susceptible to the contamination of nitroglycerin liquids and vapors, basic construction materials of wood framing, reinforced concrete, fiberglass reinforced plastic, and sandwich panels were chosen for development of architectural details incorporating lead conductive floor lining, equipment doors, personnel escape chutes and doors, ceiling and wall interfaces, interior finishes, joint sealing, door and wall louvers, wall vents, wall penetrations, and fixed windows. 

For facilities susceptible to nitrocellulose, single base and multibase dusts, the same details could be used with the addition of alternate basic construction types. Six types of construction were chosen which included wood frame, concrete masonry units, reinforced concrete, modified preengineered buildings, fiberglass reinforced plastic and sandwich panels. These were chosen for development of architectural details similar to those mentioned above for nitroglycerin facilities except troweled-on conductive floor lining was to be used instead of lead. 

Chung, S-J., Fung, H-L., Relationship between nitroglycerin-induced vascular relaxation and nitric oxide production. Probes with inhibitors and tolerance development. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45 (1993), p. 157-163... 

Tolerance to nitrates is defined as the reduction in hemodynamic effect or the requirement for higher doses to achieve a persistent effect with continuous use in the face of constant plasma concentrations [15]. Nitrate tolerance was first described for nitroglycerin in 1888 [36] it occurs with all organic nitrates, albeit to different extents. For reasons that are not understood, PETN appears to be the least susceptible to the development of tolerance. No, or much less, tolerance is observed with nitrite esters, such as amyl nitrite [37], molsidomine, and sodium nitroprusside. Earlier investigations suggested that a depletion of intracellular thiols is involved in tolerance development [17], but this has not been substantiated in later studies [38, 39]. As with organic nitrate bioactivation, the precise mechanism(s) involved in nitrate tolerance remain(s) unknown, but it is likely to be complex and multifactorial. Two principal... 

---