Nitrogen sources for

Regulations specify a considerable Hst of additives and treatments which may be permitted under controlled limits and conditions. It is important to note that no wine receives mote than a few of these treatments, and many have none. For example, most grape musts ferment readily without additions, but some extra nitrogen source for the yeasts is occasionally beneficial. If some is requited, ammonium phosphate is the most commonly used. 

Economic Aspects and Uses. Ammonium chloride is used as a nitrogen source for fertilization of rice, wheat, and other crops ia Japan, China, India, and Southeast Asia. Japan is a large producer, much of which is as by-product. 

Sodium is an indispensable element for some crops (notably sugar beet), can partially substitute for potassium in several crops, contributes to neutralising soil and subsoil acidity, and has a positive effect on soil phosphoms solubiUty. Sodium is an essential nutrient for cattle, and sodium appHcation to soil increases its content in pastures. Sodium nitrate is particularly effective as a nitrogen source for sugar beet, vegetable crops, tobacco, and cotton (qv), and for any crop in acid soils. 

Oxamide is produced commercially by Ube Industries, Ltd. (Japan) and a pilot process is being operated by Enichem (Italy). It is not produced domestically as a commercial fertilizer, although it was the subject of much research and development activity by the Tennessee Valley Authority s (TVA) National Fertilizer Research and Development Center. It is made in small quantities for industrial use by AUied Chemical, Hummel Chemical Co., and United Guardian, Inc. Oxamide has appHcation as a controlled release nitrogen source for the turf and specialty agricultural markets. 

Bruhn C, H Lenks, H-J Knackmuss (1987) Nitrosubstituted aromatic compounds as nitrogen source for bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 208-210. 

Urea has been of interest to the biological oceanographer because of its role as an excretion product of protein metabolism, its function in osmoregulation, and its reported use as a nitrogen source for phytoplankton growth. 

A strain of Pseudomonas sp. uses 2,6-dinitrophenol as a nitrogen source for growth by first cleaving the nitro groups to free nitrite which, presumably after reduction to NH3, sustains replication of the bacteria. 

Iodine was found to be an efficient catalyst for the aziridination of alkenes (Scheme 6) utilizing chloramine-T (A-chloro-A-sodio-p-toluenesulfonamide) as the nitrogen source. For example, when 2 equiv. of styrene (45a) were added to chloramine-T in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine (10mol%) in a 1 1 solvent mixture of acetonitrile and neutral buffer, the corresponding aziridine (46) was obtained in 91% yield. The reaction proved to work with other acyclic and cyclic alkenes, such as oct-l-ene and cyclohexene. The aziridination of para-substituted styrene derivatives (45b-e) demonstrated that, as expected for an electrophilic addition, electron-rich alkenes reacted faster than electron-poor alkenes. However, with 1 equiv. of I2, mainly iodohydrin (47) was formed. A catalytic cycle has been proposed to account for the fact that only a catalytic amount of iodine is required (Scheme 1) ... 

In 2003, Balalaie and co-workers published a new paper in the area of imidazole synthesis39. In the above examples reported by Westman, ammonium acetate and primary amines act as the nitrogen source for the imidazole ring. In the Baladie novel one-pot three-component method, ammonium acetate was replaced by benzonitrile derivatives. Thus, benzil, primary amines and benzonitrile derivatives underwent a condensation reaction on acidic silica gel as the solid support, Scheme 5.23. The reaction mixtures were irradiated for 8 min in a domestic oven under solvent-free conditions to give the products in 58-92% yield. 

V,(V-Dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamidc (TsNCL) has been found to be an efficient nitrogen source for the aziridination of unfunctionalized alkenes using palladium catalysts. Among the palladium salts, (AcO Pd was the most effective catalyst.81... 

Findlay, S.E.G. and Tenore, K.R., 1982. Nitrogen source for a detritivore Detritus substrate versus associated microbes. Science, 218 371-373. 

Cook, A.M and R. Hutter (1981). s-Triazines as nitrogen sources for bacteria. J. Agric. Food-Chem., 29 1135-1143. 

The significance of yeast extract and KH2P04 for lactic acid formation indicates the important role of protein and inorganic phosphate in the metabolism of L. lactis. The lesser influence of polypeptone compared with yeast extract proves that yeast extract is a good nitrogen source for nisin and lactic acid production. The influences of pH and temperature were not significant in this screening experiment, because this test was carried out close to the optimal conditions of these two variables (16). 

There were a number of new nitrogen sources for the AA introduced, such as tert-butylsulphonamide [17], primary amides [18] and N-bromobenzamide [19]. The combination of urethanes as the nitrogen and l,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin as a co-oxidant/... 

Maestrini, S.Y., Balode, M., Bechemin, C., and Purina, I. (1999) Nitrogenous organic substances as potential nitrogen sources, for summer phytoplankton in the Gulf of Riga, eastern Baltic Sea. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 46, 8-17. 

Wink, M. and Witte, L. 1985. Quinolizidine alkaloids as nitrogen source for lupin seedlings and cell suspension cultures. Z. Naturforsch. 40c,767-775. 

Small amounts of ammonia are added when needed as the nitrogen source for the bacteria in industrial and municipal biological waste treatment systems. Other industrial plants use minor amounts of ammonia to neutralize acid in plant... 

More recently, chloramine-T (CT) was found to be an efficient nitrogen source for the aziridination of olefins by our group [7a], Among the transition metals, copper(I) chloride was the most suitable catalyst for the aziridination of olefins with CT. For example, frans-P-methylstyrene was successfully aziridinated with CT at 25 °C in acetonitrile in the presence of a catalytic amount of CuCl (Scheme 6). Other olefins have also been aziridinated by the reaction, whose products are shown in Scheme 7. 

The nitrido complexes 16-21, as shown in Section 6.3, which bear various substituents on the para (R1) and/or ortho (R2) positions of a benzene ring of complex 15 were employed in the asymmetric aziridination of styrene (Table 6.2). The reaction of styrene with complex 16 or 17 gave lower product yields and enantioselectivities compared to the reaction with the complex 15. Complex 18 decreased the yield of the aziridination, but the enantioselectivity was not affected however, when complex 19 was employed, the yield and the selectivity were low. In the case of 20, the enantioselectivity was moderate but the yield was very low complex 21, which bears Jacobsen s ligand, showed a similar result with complex 20. Thus far, complex 15 is the best nitrogen source for the asymmetric aziridination of styrene. 

Bagni, N., Calzoni, G.L., and Speranza, A., Polyamines as sole nitrogen sources for Helianthus tuberosus explants in vitro, New Phytol., 80, 317-323, 1978. 

Efficient carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of DOD from triolein were glucose, galactose, fructose, and yeast extract, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the maximum yield of DOD production represented 66% of substrate. These results demonstrated that natural vegetable oils, without being intentionally hydrolyzed, could be used as efficient substrates for the microbial production of value-added hydroxy fatty acids by PR3. 

The nitrogen source for the aziridination of alkenes, a nitrene or nitrenoid, can be generated in various ways (1) oxidation of a primary amine (2) base-induced -elimination of HX from an amine or amide with an electronegative atom X (X = halogen, O) attached to the NH group or by -elimination of metal halides from metal A-arenesulfonyl-A-haloamides (3) metal-catalyzed reaction of [A-(alkane/arenesulfonyl)imino]aryliodanes (4) thermolytic or photolytic decomposition of organyl azides and (5) thermally induced cycloreversion reactions . 

Very little is known about the metabolism of metal complexes, though a number of ammine complexes of cobalt(III) were used as nitrogen sources for aspergillus niger nearly forty years ago (150), and much more recently, both tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ions (757) and amino acid complexes (152) of cobalt(III) have served as nitrogen sources for species of pseudomonas. Correlations through enzymic selectivity are therefore as yet not... 

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