Nitration with nitric acid

If this reaction takes place in air, the evolved nitrogen monoxide is oxidised to the dioxide and this dissolves again as in equation (9.1) hence virtually complete conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitric acid can occur (see nitric acid, below). With alkalis, a mixture of nitrite and nitrate is formed ... 

If phenol is heated with more concentrated nitric add (in the presence of sulphuric acid), nitration occurs ultimately at the para and at both the ortho positions, giving picric acid or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. To prepare picric acid, however, it is more convenient first to heat the phenol with sulphuric acid, whereby a mixture of 0- and p-phenol sulphonic acids is readily obtained. If this mixture is now heated with concentrated nitric acid, nitration occurs at the... 

Picric acid, the 2 4 6-trinitro derivative of phenol, cannot be prepared in good yield by the action of nitric acid upon phenol since much of the latter is destroyed by oxidation and resinous products are also formed. It is more convenient to heat the phenol with concentrated sulphuric acid whereby a mixture of o- and p-phenolsulphonic acids is obtained upon treatment of the mixture with concentrated nitric acid, nitration occurs at the two positicsis mela to the —SOjH group in each compound, and finally, since sulphonation is reversible, the acid groups are replaced by a third iiitro group yielding picric acid in both cases ... 

Nitric acid reacts with all metals except gold, iridium, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, titanium, and certain alloys. It reacts violentiy with sodium and potassium to produce nitrogen. Most metals are converted iato nitrates arsenic, antimony, and tin form oxides. Chrome, iron, and aluminum readily dissolve ia dilute nitric acid but with concentrated acid form a metal oxide layer that passivates the metal, ie, prevents further reaction. 

Dinitration of toluene results in the formation of a number of isomeric products, and with a typical sulfuric—nitric acid nitrating mixture the following mixture ofisomers is obtained 75 wt % 2,4-dinitrotoluene [121-14-2] 19 wt % 2,6-dinitrotoluene [606-20-2], 2.5 wt % 3,4-dinitrotoluene [610-39-9], 1 wt %... 

Dimethylpyridazine 1,2-dioxide gives the 4-nitro derivative in good yield with nitric acid, while with benzoyl nitrate the yield is considerably lower. 

N-Methyl-N-f2-Nitroxy propyl) Nitramine. (Me2NENA N-(2-NitroxypropyI) methyl nitramine. (02N)N(CH3).(CH2CH(0N02).CH3, mw 179.16, N 23.46%, OB to C02 -66.80%, pale yellow oil, mp 22—23°, d 1.320g/cc at 25/4°, RI 1.478 at 25°. Prepn from 2-hydroxy-propylamine after nitration with 98% nitric acid at 10° by reaction of the amine-nitric acid mixt with acetic anhydride acetyl chloride at 35°. Reaction mixt poured on ice. Yield is 74%. No expl properties listed Reft 1) Beil - not found 2) Blomquist, OSRD 4134, 45 119 (1944)... 

In its pure form, nitric acid is a liquid with a high vapor pressure (47.6 torr at 20°C), so that in the lower atmosphere HNO3 exists as a gas, in an aerosol or in a cloud droplet. When nitric acid reacts with a base a nitrate salt is produced, if... 

It can be seen from Figure 5.18 that the KD values for zirconium are higher than those for hafnium at all nitric acid concentrations. This is because the dissolution of zirconium nitrate (Zr(N03)4) into zirconyl (Zr02+) and nitrate (NOj) ions takes place to a lower extent as compared to the corresponding dissolution of hafnium nitrate in an aqueous medium. Hence, separation is feasible. However, at higher nitric acid concentrations the separation factor is reduced significantly because the dissociation of hafnium nitrate (Hf(NOs)4) decreases sharply with increasing nitric acid concentration, with the result that the separation factor, p, falls off rapidly. Hence, the separation process calls for the adjustment of the nitric acid concentration to a suitably low value. 

Addition of ether to a nitration mixture (2-bromotoluene and cone, nitric acid) diluted with an equal volume of water in a separating funnel led to a low order explosion. This was attributed to oxidation of the ether (possibly containing alcohol) by the... 

Nitropyrene was the sole product formed from the gas-phase reaction of pyrene with OH radicals in a NOx atmosphere (Arey et al, 1986). Pyrene adsorbed on glass fiber filters reacted rapidly with N2O5 to form 1-nitropyrene. When pyrene was exposed to nitrogen dioxide, no reaction occurred. However, in the presence of nitric acid, nitrated compounds were produced (Yokley et al, 1985). Ozonation of water containing pyrene (10-200 pg/L) yielded short-chain aliphatic compounds as the major products (Corless et al, 1990). A monochlorinated pyrene was the major product formed during the chlorination of pyrene in aqueous solutions. At pH 4, the reported half-lives at chlorine concentrations of 0.6 and 10 mg/L were 8.8 and <0.2 h, respectively (Mori et al, 1991). 

Hot dilute nitric acid reacts with iron, forming ferric nitrate, Fe(N03)3. Also, nitrogen oxides evolve in the reaction, probably from decomposition of... 

Cotton reacts with nitric acid to form a polymeric explosive material, nitrocellulose. Nitric acid reacts with hexamethylenetetramine, ammonium nitrate, and acetic anhydride to form cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, a high explosive known as cyclonite, used to make plastic bombs ... 

Nitric oxide also can be made by reactions of nitric acid, nitrate, or nitrite salts with metals, metal oxides, or sulfates. Several metals react with nitric acid liberating nitric oxide. (See Nitric Acid, Reactions). For example, action of 1 1 nitric acid on copper turnings forms nitric oxide ... 

Hydroxides. The generic name for compounds of the type Ma(OH) where M is a metal and a b are integers. Most hydroxides are insol or sparingly sol in water but are sol in aq acid with the formation of salts. Most hydroxides have been used in neutralizing nitrated explosives made by mxied acid or nitric acid nitration although bicarbonates are more commonly employed. The more common hydroxides are listed below ... 

Thus nitric acid gives, with sodic hydrate, sodic nitrate ... 

A. Connell (1802) 140 obtained a white precipitate—ferrous iodate—by boiling a soln. of iron in iodic acid, and C. F. Rammelsberg found that the addition of potassium iodate to ferrous sulphate gives a yellowish-white precipitate which is decomposed when heated. It is sparingly soluble in nitric acid, and it dissolves in an excess of ferrous sulphate, and the soln., when heated, precipitates basic ferric iodate. A. Ditte mixed boiling soln. of a ferric salt and an alkali iodate and obtained a brown precipitate—ferric iodate—insoluble in hot nitric acid diluted with its own volume of water. Crystals can be obtained by mixing warm dil. soln. of ferric nitrate, acidified with nitric acid, and sodium iodate. The precipitate... 

The formation of hexamine dinitrate from hexamine and nitric acid proceeds with a heat effect of —AH=33.5 kcal/mole hexamine nitrate is also converted into dinitrate with a heat evolution of —4/7=15.7 kcal/mole. 

Dinitro-l, 4-dime tbylbenzene, monoclinic prisms (from ale or benz), mp 90—93° obtd with other products on nitrating p-xylene with coned nitric acid or with mixed acid (Ref 1, p387 Ref 2, pl88 Ref 3, p302 ... 

C6H2(N02)2.N(N02).CH8]2 It yel ndls (from coned nitric acid pptd with w), mp— explodes above 220° sol in phenol aniline insol in ale was prepd by nitrating the tetra-nitro deriv with coned nitric acid (Refs 1 2) Refs l) Beil 13, 237 [1093 2) P. van... 

He used fuming nitric acid mixed with coned sulfuric. Juillard (Ref 7) also nitrated DPhA to hexanitro, but found tbat it. was more convenient to nitrate 2,4-DNDPhA... 

N)2C6H3.O.C6H3(N02)2 yel ndls (from ale), mp 194—95° (186°, probably impure) flash point above 360° diff sol in ale or eth easily sol in hot AcOH, ethyl acet, benz or chlf. It can be prepd by nitrating diphenyl ether with cold fuming nitric acid or with mixed nitric-sulfuric acid (Refs 1 2). It was prepd and examined by the Hercules Powder Co, Wilmington, Del and found to be of excellent stability. It can be detonated by No 6 (or stronger) caps, but not by impact or friction (Ref 3)... 

Dulcit in Ger), HO.CH2(CHOH)4.CH2.OH mw 182.17, colorless monoclinic crysts, d 1.466 at 15/4°, mp 188.5°, bp — dec sol in hot w, si sol in cold w v si sol in ale, insol in ether. It occurs naturally in Madagascar manna, from which it. can be extracted with water can also be obtd by treating aqueous sol of lactose or of d-galactose with sodium amalgam. When treated with nitric.acid or with mixed nitric-sulfuric acids it forms nitrates of which tetra-, penta- and hexanitrates are explosive Refs 1) Beil. 1, 544, (286), [612] (24051 2) CondChemDict (1961), p424... 

Nitrates.—Nitric acid combines with one equivalent cipitates, however, immediately disappear by an addition ... 

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