Nitration applications

The influence of nitrogen fertilizer source on the germination rate of ergots placed on the ground in rye culture has been studied. Compared with calcium ammonium nitrate, application of calcium cyanamide reduced the germination of ergots and formation of perithecia by 40-50% (Mielke, 1993). 

Payraudeau S, Vanderwerf HMG (2005) Environmental impact assessment for a farming region a review of methods. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107 1-19 Peacock AD, Mullen MD, Ringelberg DB, Tyler DD, Hedrick DB, Gale PM, White DC (2001) Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applications. Soil Biol Biochem 33 1011-1019... 

Michalski G., Scott Z., Kaibling M., Thiemens M. H. First measurements and modeling of A O in atmospheric nitrate application for evaluation of nitrogen deposition and relevance to paleoclimate studies. GRL (in review). 

In his pioneering paper, Small suggested silver nitrate as the eluent for alkaline-earth metals [3], which also exhibits a high affinity toward the stationary phase. However, this system required a suppressor column in the chloride form to precipitate the silver as insoluble silver nitrate. Application of this eluent quickly proved to be disadvantageous, since peak broadening and high backpressure from the suppressor column is associated with the precipitation. 

Freney, J. R., and Lipsett, J. (1965). Yield depression in wheat due to high nitrate applications, and its alleviation by molybdenum. Nature London) 205 616-17. 

X.Y. Zhu, H. Modi, J.J. Kilbane II. Efficacy and risks of nitrate application for the mitigation of SRB-induced corrosion. Paper No. 06524, Corrosion 2006, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2006. 

Larsen, J., 2002. Downhole Nitrate Applications to Control Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Activity and Reservoir Souring. Corrosion/2002, Paper No. 02025, (Denver, CO NACE 2002). 

Nitration products. Although no general method of nitration can be given, the following procedure is wddely applicable. 

The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. 

We also found N-nitropyridinium salts such as C5HjN N02BF4 as convenient transfer nitrating reagents in selective, clean reaetions. Transfer nitrations are equally applicable to C- as well as to 0-nitra-tions, allowing, for example, safe, acid-free preparation of alkyl nitrates and polynitrates from alcohols (including nitroglycerine). 

This method is exemplified by its application to quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, and isoquinoline 2-oxide, which are nitrated as their conjugate acids. The rate profiles for these compounds and their N- or O-methyl perchlorates show closely parallel dependences upon acidity (fig. 2.4). Quaternisation had in each case only a small effect upon the rate, making the criterion a very reliable one. It has the additional advantage of being applicable at any temperature for which kinetic measurements can be made (table 8.1, sections B and D). 

The suggestion outlined above about the way in which through-conjugation influences the nitration of p-chloronitrobenzene is relevant to the observed reactivities (ortho > meta > para) of the isomeric chloronitrobenzenes. Application of the additivity principle to the... 

For this series of compounds qualitative information is quite extensive. Application of the criteria discussed in 8.2, in particular comparison with the corresponding methyl quaternary salt, establishment of the rate profile for nitration in sulphuric acid, and consideration of the encounter rate and activation parameters, shows that 2,4,6-collidine is nitrated as its cation. The same is true for the 3-nitration of 2,4- ... 

Recently kinetic data have become available for the nitration in sulphuric acid of some of these hydroxy compounds (table 10.3). For 4-hydroxyquinoline and 4-methoxyquinoline the results verify the early conclusions regarding the nature of the substrate being nitrated in sulphuric acid. Plots of log Q against — (Lf + logioflHao) fo " these compounds and for i-methyl-4-quinolone have slopes of i-o, i-o and 0-97 at 25 C respectively, in accord with nitration via the majority species ( 8.2) which is in each case the corresponding cation of the type (iv). At a given acidity the similarity of the observed second-order rate constants for the nitrations of the quinolones and 4-methoxy-quinoline at 25 °C supports the view that similarly constructed cations are involved. Application of the encounter criterion eliminates the possibilities of a... 

Davies and Warren have investigated the nitration of naphthalene, ace-naphthene and eight dimethylnaphthalenes in acetic anhydride at o °C. Rates relative to naphthalene were determined by the competition method, and the nitro-isomers formed were separated by chromatographic and identified by spectrophotometric means. The results, which are summarised in the table, were discussed in terms of various steric effects, and the applicability of the additivity rule was examined. For the latter purpose use was made of the data of Alcorn and Wells (table 10.2) relating to the nitration of monomethyl-naphthalenes at 25 °C. The additivity rule was found to have only limited utility, and it was suggested that the discrepancies might be due in part to the... 

A two-step synthesis of indoles from o-nitrobenzaldehydes proceeds by condensation with nitromcthanc followed by reductive cyclization. Like the Leim-gruber Batcho method, the principal application of the reaction is to indoles with only carbocyclic substituents. The forniation of the o,p-dinitrostyrenes is usually done under classical Henry condensation conditions but KF/18-crown-6 in propanol was found to be an advantageous reaction medium for acetoxy-substituted compounds[1]. The o,p-dinitrostyrenes can also be obtained by nitration of p-nitrostyrenes[2]. 

Other Applications. The refractive index of siUcate or borosiUcate glass can be modified by the addition of cesium oxide, introduced as cesium nitrate or carbonate. Glass surfaces can be made resistant to corrosion or breakage by surface ion exchange with cesium compound melts or solutions. This process can also be used for the production of optical wave guides (61). 

Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in methanol has been used to oxidize phenazine to the mono-N-oxide (41) in good yield (75JCS(P1)1398), but no other reports on the application of this reagent to the pyrazine or quinoxaline series have appeared. 

Phthalazine-1,4-diones reactions, 3, 39 Phthalazines applications, 3, 56 isoindoles from, 4, 152 mass spectra, 2, 21 metabolism, 1, 233 N-oxidation, 3, 20 nitration, 3, 22 nucleophilic attack, 3, 25 oxidation, 3, 31... 

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