NIRS technology

These four very different NIR technologies represent the mainstream analyzer types used in many process analytical technology applications. They also cover the main types of established commercially available analyzers. Given their various characteristics and the physical principles upon which they are based, it is obvious that they will have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the detailed circumstances of the application. These issues will be covered in more detail below. 

In Sections 5.3.1 to 5.3.4 we have reviewed the main NIR technologies in successful current widespread use for process analytical technology applications. NIR is an evolving technology, however, and there are a number of recent developments which may in time prove significant. This is not the place for a detailed review of such technologies, but a brief overview for orientation will be provided. 

Summary of Quality Features in Emerging and Established NIR Technologies ... 

The first part of this chapter (Section 15.2) discusses the value of and challenges involved in implementing NIR technology in the chemical industry. It also describes a process for successful process analyzer implementation. Similar issues as they relate to the pharmaceutical industry are covered in Chapter 2. The second part of this chapter (Section 15.3) gives a number of examples of actual NIR applications in the chemical industry, which serve both to illustrate the points from the first part and to demonstrate the range of applications for NIR technology. 

In this section the mainstream NIRS technologies in current widespread practical use for PAC applications will be examined. These are scanning grating monochromators, grating polychromator PDA spectrometer, AOTF analysers and FTNIR analysers. 

An extensive product review of recent NIR technology was published by Noble. Enormous progress has been achieved in chemometrics and computing power, making many new applications possible. There are dozens of manufacturers of NIR spectrophotometers in the United States. There are many vendors of sampling components and software packages for data analysis. Research data of the most recent instrumentation and software are available directly on the World Wide Web, as most manufacturers maintain a Web site. There are numerous Internet sites that provide links to professional spectroscopy societies, publishers of spectroscopy journals, and patents related to pharmaceutical uses of NIR. 

He does, in the same paper, express his optimism about fermentation measurements using NIR technology. 

Work by this author in the mid-1990s investigated roller compaction and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology, by examining three different active ingredient... 

NIR technology cuts across many fields (agriculture, textiles, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, medicine, and others), with demonstrated success in all areas published in the literature. This book is not intended to address all the above areas. Rather, this book is intended to provide the reader an opportunity to understand something of the impact NIR spectroscopy has had on food science and technology. Expectedly, it does include basic principles of NIR spectroscopy (Chapter 2), characteristics of the NIR spectra (Chapter 3), instrumentation (Chapter 4), sampling techniques (Chapter 5), and chemometrics (Chapter 6). The remainder of the book discusses numerous applications of NIR technology in the food science field [agricultural and Marine (Chapter 7), food and food products (Chapter 8)] and some specialized applications (Chapter 9). The Editors and Authors all hope you will find this book to be helpful in your woik. 

NIR technology has come to the forefront for food analysis with tremendous potential for minimizing the impact of the above problems. Despite the fact that NIR spectrometry is a trained tool requiring calibration, one dominant fact remains. It is an instrument-based technology that offers tremendous savings, both for production and for processing within the food industry. 

NIR Technology Austraha 34 Clements Avenue Bankstown NSW 2200 Australia TEL 4-61 (0) 2 9790 6450 FAX 4-61 (0)2 9790 1552 EmaU nirtech zipworld.com.au URL http //www.lineart.zip. com.au/homepage.htm Near-infrared analyzers (Herschel region)... 

NIR Technology Australia Suite 1, 173 Canterbury Road Bankstown NSW 2200 AUSTRALIA TEL 02-9790-6450 EAX 02-9790-1552 Email lineart zipworld.com.au URL http //www.hneart.zip. com.au/ Filter-based systems Fiber optics, spectrograph, Lin Arr Detector Grain analyzers, food, polymers Pharmaceuticals... 

Grains and seeds were the progenitors of NIRS application in commerce and industry. The first nonacademic applications were made to grain, specifically to wheat. Since those days, the embryo has grown into a lusty child, and NIR technology has become a household word, to the extent that most of the world s wheat of commerce is tested rapidly and accurately for protein and moisture contents by NIRS instruments. 

Since the first-ever application of NIR by Hart et al. in 1962 to the determination of moisture in seeds (6), the bibliography of NIRS technology has proliferated until it now numbers over 35,000 entries, many of which describe a very diverse assortment of applications to grains and seeds. The main areas have been composition analysis, analysis for prediction of functionality, and classification by NIR discriminant or classification analysis (NIRCA). Near-infrared spectroscopy has been applied to the analysis of many of the above commodities. Over 30 factors have been successfully predicted in cereals and pulses, and over 20 factors in oleaceous seeds. These applications have recently been comprehensively reviewed by Delwiche (7) and Dyer (8). 

TABLE 7.1.4. Applications of NIR Technology to Determination of Composition of Pulse Crops... 

With the exception of soybeans (the pulse commodity that is most widely traded) the many advantages of NIR spectroscopy do not appear to have attracted the same amount of attention from pulse crop breeders and processors. Some compositional and functionality factors of pulse crops to which NIR technology has been applied are summarized in Table 7.1.4. 

Discriminant analysis is a way of classifying of substances on the basis of their spectra. As this stimulating application of NIR technology develops and becomes more... 

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