Wide angle glaucoma

All of the following drugs are used topically in the treatment of chronic wide-angle glaucoma. Which of these agents reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the formation of the aqueous humor ... 

Clonidine is used in various forms of hypertonic diseases and for relieving hypertonic crises. It is also used in ophthalmological practice for treating wide-angle glaucoma. Synonyms of clonidine are gemiton, catapresan, and clofeline. 

Uses treatment of chronic wide-angle glaucoma... 

Uses antidote for excessive cholinergic stimulation tremor treatment wide angle glaucoma stomach disorders preanesthesia Arco-Lase Plus -mixture of enzymes, hyoscyamine, atropine, and phenobarbital Donnatal -hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine, and phenobarbital... 

In the treatment of wide-angle glaucoma In the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis... 

Bethanechol is of value in the management of postoperative abdominal distention, gastric atony or stasis, and urinary retention. Carbachol (0.25 to 3.00%) may be used for the long-term therapy of noncongestive wide-angle glaucoma. 

Physostigmine (eserine sulfate) causes miosis and spasm of accommodation it also lowers intraocular pressure and hence can be used in the treatment of wide-angle glaucoma. As it is lipid soluble, it penetrates into the brain rapidly, raises the acetylcholine concentration and, in toxic amounts, may cause cholinergic CNS toxicity, which is characterized by restlessness, insomnia, tremors, confusion, ataxia, convulsions, respiratory depression, and circulatory collapse. These effects are reversed by atropine. 

Primary open-angle glaucoma is a very common form (also known as chronic simple or wide-angle glaucoma). It results from obstruction in the trabecular meshwork which acts as the drainage system for the aqueous humour. 

FIGURE 78 Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring cholinomimetic agent possessing both muscarinic and nicotinic properties. It causes miosis, reduces intraocular pressure, and is used in the treatment of wide-angle glaucoma. In addition, it may be applied topically in the eye in the form of a dmg reservoir. 

Relative transdermal scopolamine may cause mydriasis leading to an increase in intraocular pressure in patients with chronic open-angle (wide-angle) glaucoma and should be used with caution. Patients with known liver or kidney dysfunction should use scopolamine patch with caution. Patients with history of psychosis or seizures should also avoid transdermal scopolamine. 

Plant-originated anti-ChEs, such as huperzine A, have been used for thousands of years in the treatment of aging-induced memory impairment (Haviv et al., 2007). In 1877, prior to the discovery of ACh as a neurotransmitter in the brain, physostigmine (eserine)— a carbamate extracted from the seeds of Physostigma venenosum—became the first cholinesterase inhibitor used therapeutically to control increased ocular pressure caused by wide-angle glaucoma (Taylor, 1996). 

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