Nickel naphthenate

Figure 2. Temperature Programmed Reduction of Ni contaminated catalyst components a) non-zeolitic particles with 10,100 ppm Ni b) zeolitic particles with 10,860 ppm Ni. These materials were impregnated using nickel naphthenate and then steamed (1450°F, 4 hrs, 90% steam, 10% air) prior to running the TPR. The Ni on the non-zeolitic particles reduced at a lower temperature than that on the zeolitic particles.

A new, selective catalyst was reported for the dimerization of propylene to 2,3-dimethylbutenes that are valuable intermediates in the manufacture of specialty chemicals.44 The catalyst is composed of nickel naphthenate, Et3Al, a phosphine, a diene, and chlorinated phenol. Either 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene or 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene can be selectively produced by controlling the catalyst composition. 

Jang [2] a Ziegler-Natta catalyst consisting of nickel naphthenate, boron trifluoride dibutylether, and triethylaluminum was used to control 1,2-branch-ing in 1,4-butadiene polymerization. 

Induction periods and an accelerating stage in the polymerization may result from the presence of impurities which are slowly removed from the system by reaction with the catalyst components. In butadiene polymerization by the soluble catalyst from nickel salicylate/BF3Et2 0/LiBu there is a marked induction from traces of 1,2 butadiene (below 100 p.p.m.) in the monomer [67]. In the absence of 1,2 butadiene polymerization starts immediately. An induction period has been found with the similar catalyst, nickel naphthenate/BF3Et2 0/AlEt3 [68], but the origins of this were not identified. 

The first papers on the synthesis of statistical copolymers of acetylene and butadiene appeared in the 1970s [99,100]. Random copolymers were prepared by passing a gas mixture (23% acetylene, 77% butadiene) through a solution of nickel naphthenate in combination with diethylaluminum chloride in toluene [101]. The purified polymer is either a yellow viscous liquid or a waxy polymer. Chien and Wnek [98] obtained a statistical copolymer of acetylene and methylacetylene. For this purpose a concentrated solution of Ti(OBu)4-AlEt3 in toluene was stirred in a vessel until the walls were covered by a layer of a catalyst. Then the mixture of acetylene and methylacetylene was introduced and the copolymer film was formed immediately both on the walls of the vessel and on the catalyst surface. Doping with I2 or AsFs made a copolymer film conducting (up to 40 S/cm) for the sample with a PA content of 55% (doped with AsFj). 

Nickel compounds can also be employed as catalysts [161-170]. A three-component system consisting of nickel naphthenate, triethyl-aluminum, and boron trifluoride diethyletherate is used technically. The activities are similar to those of cobalt systems. The molar Al/B ratio is on the order of 0.7 to 1.4. Polymerization temperatures range from -5 to 40 °C. On a laboratory scale the synthesis of 1,4-polybutadiene with allylchloronickel giving 89% cis, 7.7% trans, and 3.4% 1,2-structures is particularly simple [8]. In nickel compounds with Lewis acids as cocatalysts, complexes with 2,6,10-dodecatriene ligands are more active than those with 1,5-cyclooctadiene (Table 4) [171]. 

By using rare earth metals or radicals it is possible to copolymerize 1,3-butadiene and other dienes with cis-, A linkage [3,498]. Polymers of 1,3-butadiene and isoprene at any ratio can be obtained. Copolymes of 1,3-butadiene and 1,3-pentadiene can be produced with catalysts on the basis of vanadium chelates. 1,3-Butadiene is almost completely converted to trans-, A units, whereas 1,3-pentadiene yields 50 to 60% 1,4-addition and 40 to 50% 1,2-addition products. At a 1,3-pentadiene content of 26 to 45wt%, the copolymers are amorphous, featuring high rigidity [499-501]. Diethylaluminum chloride, nickel naphthenate, and water catalyze the copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene and acetylene. The low-molecular-weight copolymers contain mostly cis-Q-Q double bonds [502]. 

Mesoporous silicates serve as the most suitable host for the gold NPs with the size of 2 mn. The cyclohexane conversion may reach 20-30% at the selectivity to cyclohexanol up to 95%, unlike the commercial nickel naphthenate catalysts (conversion 4%, selectivity 70-85%). 

The oxidation of cyclohexane to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, known as KA-od (ketone—alcohol, cyclohexanone—cyclohexanol cmde mixture), is used for most production (1). The earlier technology that used an oxidation catalyst such as cobalt naphthenate at 180—250°C at low conversions (2) has been improved. Cyclohexanol can be obtained through a boric acid-catalyzed cyclohexane oxidation at 140—180°C with up to 10% conversion (3). Unreacted cyclohexane is recycled and the product mixture is separated by vacuum distillation. The hydrogenation of phenol to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone is usually carried out at elevated temperatures and pressure ia either the Hquid (4) or ia the vapor phase (5) catalyzed by nickel. 

Copper naphthenate, 20 108, 109 Copper(II) naphthenate, molecular formula and uses, 7 1181 Copper-nickel, 7 758-759 Copper-nickel, 10%, mechanical properties, 7 678t Copper-nickel, 30%, mechanical properties, 7 678t... 

Low-molecular-weight extractants can generally be expected to have uneconomic solubilities in most systems, but where high salt concentrations prevail, the solubility may be substantially lower and may be economic. This has been shown to be true for naphthenic and Versatic acids, which have high solubilities in water but appear to be economically useful when used in high ammonium sulfate liquors, such as those produced in the Sherritt-Gordon process for the extraction of cobalt and separation from nickel [12]. 

Crude oil consists mainly of a mixture of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons with small amounts of metals-containing heterocyclic compounds. The most abundant metals found in oils are those contained in porphyrin or porphyrin-like complexes (nickel, copper, iron, and vanadium). These... 

Catalysts were contaminated with nickel and vanadium according to the method of Mitchell ( ), using metal naphthenates. Prior to blending, all contaminated materials were steamed (1450 F, 4 hrs, 90% steam, 10% air) to age the metals. The selectivity effects of the metals on the non-zeolitic component were determined by blending impregnated non-zeolitic components with 20% of the steamed, uncontaminated high activity zeolitic component such that the overall blend yielded 70% conversion. 

The catalysts used in the pilot unit are both equilibrium catalysts from the FCCU at the Statoil Mongstad refinery, and impregnated and deactivated fresh catalysts from different vendors. The catalysts have been impregnated with nickel and vanadium naphthenates. The amount of metals has varied over the years, but the nickel to vanadium ratio has usually been 2 3. The deactivation procedure has also changed over the years, as new deactivation methods have been developed and existing deactivation methods have been improved. 

The catalysts were calcined at 600°C for 2 hours, and impregnated with nickel and vanadium naphthenates according to Mitchell [14] with a nickel to vanadium ratio... 

Cobalt (III) acetylacetonate [Co(acac)3] (14), manganese (III) acetylacetonate [Mn(acac)3] (15), iron(III) acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)3] (30), chromium(III) acetylacetonate [Cr(acac)3] (13), nickel(II) acetylacetonate [Ni(acac)2] (8), and copper (II) acetylacetonate [Cu(acac)2] (18) were prepared and purified. Cobalt, manganese, iron, chromium, nickel, and copper naphthenates were all commercially available. 

Several years ago, one of the authors found that nickel, platinum, and some other hydrogenating agents, when deposited on fresh synthetic silica-alumina cracking catalyst, made a new catalyst that would isomerize paraffin and naphthene hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen at elevated pressures and nominal temperatures. Table I shows some early typical results calculated from mass spectrometer analyses of the products obtained by passing methyl cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and n-hexane over a catalyst composed of 5% nickel in silica-alumina at the indicated reaction conditions. Isomerization of a number of other hydrocarbons has also been studied and reported elsewhere (2). 

Another interesting feature is that these LC pores result in an increase in the overal conversion. This effect is most pronounced when the catalyst is impregnated with Nicel (1500 ppm Nickel in MST) and at high coke yields. From this it seems obvious that pore mouth blocking is also a factor in Resid FCC, and that the presence of LC pores can be beneficial in this respect. Meso pores, are essential for reduction of the bottoms yield with aromatic and/or naphthenic feedstocks. (Table V.)... 

The rest of the cyclic terpenoid sulfides are complex mixtures of partially degraded and isomerized derivatives of the terpenoid sulfides which elute on the capillary GC column as a broad, unresolved hump. On Raney nickel reduction this fraction yields a complex mixture of naphthenic hydrocarbons which cannot be resolved further by GC analysis. 

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