Nickel manufacture

Nickel Nickel Stainless Steel Nickel or Nickel Packing Ring Nickel Nickel manufactured by Michigan Steel Casting Company. 29 Cr-9 Ni Stainless Steel, or equal. 

Use Analytical reagent for nickel, manufacture of dyes, organic synthesis. 

C, b.p. 81"C. Manufactured by the reduction of benzene with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst and recovered from natural gase.s. It is inflammable. Used as an intermediate in the preparation of nylon [6] and [66] via caprolactam and as a solvent for oils, fats and waxes, and also as a paint remover. For stereochemistry of cyclohexane see conformation. U.S. production 1980 1 megatonne. 

CH3CH1CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. Colourless liquid with a pleasant odour b.p. 17rC. Manufactured by heating ethylene oxide with 1-butanol in the presence of nickel sulphate as a catalyst. Used as a solvent in brushing lacquers. 

Sorbitol is manufactured by the reduction of glucose in aqueous solution using hydrogen with a nickel catalyst. It is used in the manufacture of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), various surface active agents, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, dentifrices, adhesives, polyurethane foams, etc. 

Appreciable quantities are also obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of hydrogen from naphtha-gaseous hydrocarbons. In this process the gaseous hydrocarbon and superheated steam under a pressure of about 10 atmospheres and at a temperature of 1000 K are passed over a nickel-chromium catalyst. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced ... 

This reaction is an undesirable side reaction in the manufacture of hydrogen but utilised as a means of removing traces of carbon monoxide left at the end of the second stage reaction. The gases are passed over a nickel catalyst at 450 K when traces of carbon monoxide form methane. (Methane does not poison the catalyst in the Haber process -carbon monoxide Joes.)... 

Manufacture. Furan is produced commercially by decarbonylation of furfural in the presence of a noble metal catalyst (97—100). Nickel or cobalt catalysts have also been reported (101—103) as weU as noncatalytic pyrolysis at high temperature. Furan can also be prepared by decarboxylation of 2-furoic acid this method is usually considered a laboratory procedure. 

Reduction. Hydrogenation of dimethyl adipate over Raney-promoted copper chromite at 200°C and 10 MPa produces 1,6-hexanediol [629-11-8], an important chemical intermediate (32). Promoted cobalt catalysts (33) and nickel catalysts (34) are examples of other patented processes for this reaction. An eadier process, which is no longer in use, for the manufacture of the 1,6-hexanediamine from adipic acid involved hydrogenation of the acid (as its ester) to the diol, followed by ammonolysis to the diamine (35). 

Nickel fluoride is used in marking ink compositions (see Inks), for fluorescent lamps (4) as a catalyst in transhalogenation of fluoroolefins (5), in the manufacture of varistors (6), as a catalyst for hydrofluorination (7), in the synthesis of XeF (8), and in the preparation of high purity elemental fluorine for research (9) and for chemical lasers (qv) (10). 

Manufacture and Economics. Nitrogen tritiuoride can be formed from a wide variety of chemical reactions. Only two processes have been technically and economically feasible for large-scale production the electrolysis of molten ammonium acid fluoride and the direct fluorination of the ammonia in the presence of molten ammonium fluoride. In the electrolytic process, NF is produced at the anode and H2 is produced at the cathode. In a divided cell of 4 kA having nickel anodes, extensive dilution of the gas streams with N2 was used to prevent explosive reactions between NF and H2 (17). 

Heterogeneous vapor-phase fluorination of a chlorocarbon or chlorohydrocarbon with HP over a supported metal catalyst is an alternative to the hquid phase process. Salts of chromium, nickel, cobalt or iron on an A1P. support are considered viable catalysts in pellet or fluidized powder form. This process can be used to manufacture CPC-11 and CPC-12, but is hampered by the formation of over-fluorinated by-products with Httle to no commercial value. The most effective appHcation for vapor-phase fluorination is where all the halogens are to be replaced by fluorine, as in manufacture of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene [677-21 ] (14) for use in polyfluorosiHcones. 

Fluorocarbons are made commercially also by the electrolysis of hydrocarbons in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (Simons process) (14). Nickel anodes and nickel or steel cathodes are used. Special porous anodes improve the yields. This method is limited to starting materials that are appreciably soluble in hydrogen fluoride, and is most useflil for manufacturing perfluoroalkyl carboxyflc and sulfonic acids, and tertiary amines. For volatile materials with tittle solubility in hydrofluoric acid, a complementary method that uses porous carbon anodes and HF 2KF electrolyte (Phillips process) is useflil (14). 

Selectivity is primarily a function of temperature. The amount of by-products tends to increase as the operating temperature is raised to compensate for declining catalyst activity. By-product formation is also influenced by catalyst impurities, whether left behind during manufacture or otherwise introduced into the process. Alkaline impurities cataly2e higher alcohol production whereas acidic impurities, as well as trace iron and nickel, promote heavier hydrocarbon formation. 

Ma.nufa.cture. Several nickel oxides are manufactured commercially. A sintered form of green nickel oxide is made by smelting a purified nickel matte at 1000°C (30) a powder form is made by the desulfurization of nickel matte. Black nickel oxide is made by the calcination of nickel carbonate at 600°C (31). The carbonate results from an extraction process whereby pure nickel metal powder is oxidized with air in the presence of ammonia (qv) and carbon dioxide (qv) to hexaamminenickel(TT) carbonate [67806-76-2], [Ni(NH3)3]C03 (32). Nickel oxides also ate made by the calcination of nickel carbonate or nickel nitrate that were made from a pure form of nickel. A high purity, green nickel oxide is made by firing a mixture of nickel powder and water in air (25). 

Uses. The sinter oxide form is used as charge nickel in the manufacture of alloy steels and stainless steels (see Steel). The oxide furnishes oxygen to the melt for decarburization and slagging. In 1993, >100, 000 metric tons of nickel contained in sinter oxide was shipped to the world s steel industry. Nickel oxide sinter is charged as a granular material to an electric furnace with steel scrap and ferrochrome the mixture is melted and blown with air to remove carbon as CO2. The melt is slagged, pouted into a ladle, the composition is adjusted, and the melt is cast into appropriate shapes. A modification of the use of sinter oxide is its injection directiy into the molten metal (33). 

Nickel sulfate also is made by the reaction of black nickel oxide and hot dilute sulfuric acid, or of dilute sulfuric acid and nickel carbonate. The reaction of nickel oxide and sulfuric acid has been studied and a reaction induction temperature of 49°C deterrnined (39). High purity nickel sulfate is made from the reaction of nickel carbonyl, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen in the gas phase at 100°C (40). Another method for the continuous manufacture of nickel sulfate is the gas-phase reaction of nickel carbonyl and nitric acid, recovering the soHd product in sulfuric acid, and continuously removing the soHd nickel sulfate from the acid mixture (41). In this last method, nickel carbonyl and sulfuric acid are fed into a closed-loop reactor. Nickel sulfate and carbon monoxide are produced the CO is thus recycled to form nickel carbonyl. 

Uses. Nickel nitrate is an intermediate in the manufacture of nickel catalysts, especially those that are sensitive to sulfur and therefore preclude the use of the less expensive nickel sulfate. Nickel nitrate also is an intermediate in loading active mass in nickel—alkaline batteries of the sintered plate type (see Batteries, SECONDARY cells). Typically, hot nickel nitrate symp is impregnated in the porous sintered nickel positive plates. Subsequendy, the plates are soaked in potassium hydroxide solution, whereupon nickel hydroxide [12054-48-7] precipitates within the pores of the plate. 

Nickel carbonate is used in the manufacture of catalysts, in the preparation of colored glass (qv), in the manufacture of certain nickel pigments, and as a neutralizing compound in nickel electroplating solutions. It also is used in the preparation of many specialty nickel compounds. 

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