Nickel daily intake

Dependent on the dietary intake, human gastrointestinal absorption of nickel may be estimated to fall between a maximum of 4% (165 fig daily intake) and a minimum of 1% (600 /rg/day intake) [263]. 4-20% of administered nickel... 

You eat about 170 micrograms (pg 1 pg = 1,000 ng) of nickel in your food every day. Foods naturally high in nickel include chocolate, soy beans, nuts, and oatmeal. Our daily intake of nickel from drinking water is only about 2 pg. We breathe in between 0.1 and 1 pg nickel/day, excluding nickel in tobacco smoke. We are exposed to nickel when we handle coins and touch other metals containing nickel. 

Daily intake of nickel from food will vary widely because of different dietary habits and can range from 100 to 800 xg/day [11] the mean dietary nickel intake in most countries is 100-300 p.g/day. Release of nickel from kitchen utensils may contribute significantly to oral intake. Intake of 2-23 xg Ni/day via inhalation can result from smoking 40 cigarettes per day. Based on nickel concentrations in milk and infant foods, the estimated dietary intake of nickel in infants aged between 1 and 12 months may vary from 30 to 300 p.g/day, which is comparatively high in relation to the body weight. 

Recommended dietary allowances for a male adult (daily intake, in foods and food supplements) of some nutrients, usually the amounts estimated as needed to prevent overt manifestation of deficiency disease in most persons. For the substances listed in smaller amounts the optimum intake, leading to the best of health, may be somewhat greater. Not shown, but probably or possibly required, are the essential fatty acids, />aminobenzoic acid, choline, vitamin D, vitamin K, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, and silicon. 

Nickel is an activator of a number of enzymes, e. g., alkaline phosphatase and oxalacetate decarboxylase, which can also be activated by other divalent metal ions. Nickel also enhances insulin activity. The essential role of nickel has been established by inducing deficiency S5nnptoms in feeding experiments with chickens and rats. These symptoms include changes in the liver mitochondria. The daily intake in food amounts to 150-700 pg. The nickel requirement is estimated to be 35-500 pg/day. 

Due to contamination from a metal plating facility, the water from a nearby community water supply well was shown to contain cyanide at a concentration of 20 pg/L, nickel at 95 pg/L, and chroniium(IIl) at 10,200 pg/L. If the daily water intake is assumed to be 0.2L, and the body weight of an adult is 70kg, do these noncarcinogenic chemicals pose a health hazard ... 

Nickel is an essential micronutrient for maintaining health in certain species of plants and animals. Its deficiency effects from dietary deprivation have been induced experimentally in many species of birds and mammals. To prevent nickel deficiency in rats and chickens, diets should contain at least 50 pg Ni/kg ration, while cows and goats require more than 100 pg Ni/kg rations, perhaps reflecting the increased use by rumen bacteria. Nickel deficiency is not a public health concern for humans because daily oral intake is sufficient to prevent deficiency effects. 

Sources Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Huoride (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin 85, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) EHetary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) and EHetary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to ply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient... 

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