Nickel alloys bronze

Steel is an alloy containing chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and boron. Copper-nickel alloy, bronze and aluminium alloys are used in making coins. Fusible alloys having low melting points are used as solder and fuses in electrical circuits. 

Table 14. Properties of Copper-Nickel Alloys and Leaded Nickel Bronze and Brass...

I I 70-30 Copper-nickel I I Nickel-aluminum bronze CH Nickel-chromium alloy 600... 

Copper alloys include brasses (Cu-Zn alloys), bronzes (Cu-Sn alloys), cupronickels (Cu-Ni alloys) and nickel-silvers (Cu-Sn-Ni-Pb alloys). 

Remarkably little has been published on corrosion fatigue crack propagation in copper and its alloys. In general little or no influence of marine environments has been observed in crack propagation experiments on manganese and nickel-aluminium bronzes although the frequencies employed were quite high (> 2.5 Hz) ... 

Mshana, J. S., Vosikovsky, O. and Sahoo, M., Corrosion fatigue behaviour of nickel-aluminium bronze alloys , Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 7-15 (1984)... 

The fact that the composition of the speculum deposit must be closely controlled to obtain the best results has been a serious drawback to development. The coating finds uses on decorative hollow-ware, oil lamps and tableware. The bronze deposits with 10 or 20% tin are used lacquered in decorative metal-ware for domestic and personal ornament and, in thick layers to protect hydraulic pit props against corrosion and abrasion. They have also been used with success as undercoatings for nickel-chromium or tin-nickel alloy deposits. 

This process uses a moving laser beam, directed by a computer, to prepare the model. The model is made up of layers having thicknesses about 0.005-0.020 in. (0.012-0.50 mm) that are polymerized into a solid product. Advanced techniques also provides fast manufacturing of precision molds (152). An example is the MIT three-dimensional printing (3DP) in which a 3-D metal mold (die, etc.) is created layer by layer using powdered metal (300- or 400-series stainless steel, tool steel, bronze, nickel alloys, titanium, etc.). Each layer is inkjet-printed with a plastic binder. The print head generates and deposits micron-sized droplets of a proprietary water-based plastic that binds the powder together. 

Chemical pumps are available in a variety of materials. Metal pumps are the most widely used. Although they may be obtained in iron, bronze, and iron with bronze fittings, an increasing number of pumps of ductile-iron, steel, and nickel alloys are being used. Pumps are also available in glass, glass-lined iron, carbon, rubber, rubber-lined metal, ceramics, and a variety of plastics, such units usually being employed for special purposes. 

Compensation trends found for decomposition of formic acid on metal (and other) catalysts are represented diagrammatically in Fig. 7. Line I (Table III, Q) refers to reactions over nickel and copper (3, 190, 194, 236), gold (5,189,237), cobalt (137,194), and iron (194) the observations included in this group were obtained by selection, since other metals, which showed large deviations, were omitted [see also (5), p. 422], Line I is close to that calculated for the reaction catalyzed by nickel metal (Table III, R) (3, 137, 189-194, 238). Lines II (19,233) and III (3, 234, 235) (Table III, O and P) refer to decomposition on silver. The other lines were found for the same rate process on IV, copper-nickel alloys (190) V, oxides (47, 137), VI, tungsten bronzes (239) and VII, Cu3Au (Table III, S) (240a). 

Tin—Nickel, Alloy deposits having 65% tin have been commercially plated since about 1951 (135). The 65% tin alloy exhibits good resistance to chemical attack, staining, and atmospheric corrosion, especially when plated copper or bronze undercoats are used. This alloy has a low coefficient of friction. Deposits are solderable, hard (650—710 HV 5Q), act as etch resists, and find use in printed circuit boards, watch parts, and as a substitute for chromium in some applications. The rose-pink color of 65% tin is attractive. In marine exposure, tin—nickel is about equal to nickel—chromium deposits, but has been found to be superior in some industrial exposure sites. Chromium topcoats increase the protection further. Tin—nickel deposits are brittle and difficult to strip from steel. Temperature of deposits should be kept below 300°C. 

Zinc—Cobalt. Alloys of Zn—Co usually contain 0.3—0.8% cobalt. Higher cobalt alloys, from 4—8%, have shown better salt spray resistance (156), but the commonly plated alloy is 0.3—0.8%. One automotive company specifies 0.3—1.0%. Cobalt is expensive, and economics favor the lower alloys. Costs have been quoted for zinc—cobalt at 1.2 times the cost of chloride zinc, with zinc—nickel alloys at 1.5—1.6 times the chloride zinc. Deposits can be very bright, but the improved corrosion resistance advantage requires yellow or bronze chromates. Alkaline baths give fewer problems in plating components with lapped, spot-welded seams. 

Copper alloys (brass, bronze, etc.) for very shock-sensitive perchlorate salts Aluminum (dissolves at room temperature) High nickel alloys (dissolves), others Cotton Wood... 

Aluminum bronzes, copper-nickel alloy (69 Cu-30 Ni-1 Fe and copper-nickel alloys containing added manganese are resistant to impingement and cavitation-induced damage under flowing conditions. 

Appendix A contains a materials selection guide for aerated freshwater systems. As indicated in Note 27 of Appendix A, in freshwater systems, admiralty brass should be limited to a maximum pH value of 7.2 from ammonia and copper-nickel alloys and should not be used in waters containing more sulfides than 0.007 mg/L The materials selection guide is also satisfactory for seawater, although pump cases and impellers should be a suitable duplex stainless steel or nickel-aluminum-bronze (properly heat treated). Neoprene-lined water boxes should be considered. For piping, fiber-reinforced plastic (up to 150 psi [1,035 kPa] operating pressure) and neoprene-lined steel should also be considered. Titanium and high-molybdenum SS tubes should be considered where low maintenance is required or the cost can be justified by life expectancy. 

Copper and Copper Alloys Seamless copper, bronze, brass, copper-nickel-alloy and copper-silicon-alloy pipe and tubing are produced by extrusion. Tubing is available in outside-diameter sizes from Vie to 16 in and in a range of wall thicknesses varying from 0.005 in for the smallest tubing to 0.75 in for the 16-in size. Tubing is usually specified by outside diameter and wall thickness. 

The ship has two propellers and two rudders. The propellers were made of nickel-aluminium-bronze alloy (NAB) and modelled as solid disks with a surface area equivalent to the real propellers. The shaft is made of carbon steel and the propellers and shafts were assumed to be uncoated because of turbulence engendered by propeller movement. The ship s hull and rudders are also made of carbon steel, which were coated to prevent corrosion. The ICCP system evaluated included four anodes and a centre controlled power supply. The half of ship BEM model was shown in figure 2. 

Ampcoloy [Ampco], TM for a series of industrial copper alloys including low-iron-aluminum bronzes, nickel-aluminum bronzes, tin bronzes, manganese bronzes, lead bronzes, beryllium-copper, and high-conductivity alloys. 

Selective leaching applies to the situation where one element of an alloy is removed preferentially to another metallic constituent. The most common example of this phenomenon is the so-called dezincification of brass (see Section 10.2.1), but it may also occur through the selective removal of nickel from cupro nickel alloys and aluminium from aluminium bronze. 

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