New Strategies

Process transients and equipment failures may require workers to develop a new strategy to control the process. Detection, diagnosis, and fault-compensation are tasks in which workers may have little experience and the information needs may be different from those of familiar tasks. Again, methods of task and error analyses, particularly those concerned with human cognitive functions, may be useful in deciding what information should be displayed to help workers detect process transients, diagnose their causes and develop new strategies. 

Carbohydrate mimetics including heterocyclic fragments and a new strategy for tackling the problem of biological recognition with participation of carbohydrates 99AG(E)2300. 

BalLini and coworkers have developed a new strategy for alkenyladon of carbonyl compounds based on the Michael adthdon followed by eliminadon of HNO fsee Secdon 7 3 A variety of 2-alkylidene 1,4-tholes have been conveniently prepared, in two steps, by the Michael adthdon of a nltroalkane to the appropriate enedione derivadves under basic conthdons, followed by chemoselecdve reducdon v/ith LLAlHl CEq 4 123 ... 

Magnus and coworker have presented a new strategy for the preparadon of taxane diterpenes by using nitro-aldol reacdon and denitradon as key steps fsee Scheme 11 ... 

Insofar as complex adaptive systems can be regarded as being essentially open-ended problem-solvers, their lifeblood consists mostly of novelty. The ability of a complex adaptive system to survive and evolve in a constantly changing environment is determiimd by its ability to continually find — either by chance, or experience, or more typically both insightful new strategies to increase its overall fitness (which is, of course, a constantly changing function in time). 

The reaction processes shown in Scheme 8 not only accomplish the construction of an oxepane system but also furnish a valuable keto function. The realization that this function could, in an appropriate setting, be used to achieve the annulation of the second oxepane ring led to the development of a new strategy for the synthesis of cyclic ethers the reductive cyclization of hydroxy ketones (see Schemes 9 and 10).23 The development of this strategy was inspired by the elegant work of Olah 24 the scenario depicted in Scheme 9 captures its key features. It was anticipated that activation of the Lewis-basic keto function in 43 with a Lewis acid, perhaps trimethylsilyl triflate, would induce nucleophilic attack by the proximal hydroxyl group to give an intermediate of the type 44. 

D. Hoppe. O. Zschage, Chiral Metallated Carbamates.- Tools for New Strategies in A.symmetric Synthesis in Organic Synthesis via Organometallics, K. H. Dotz. R. W. Hoffmann, Eds., pp 267-284, Vieweg, Braunschweig 1990. 

Adsorptive stripping analysis greatly enhances the scope of stripping measurements toward numerous trace elements (23,24). This relatively new strategy involves the... 

The selectivity for two-alkyne annulation can be increased by involving an intramolecular tethering of the carbene complex to both alkynes. This was accomplished by the synthesis of aryl-diynecarbene complexes 115 and 116 from the triynylcarbene complexes 113 and 114, respectively, and Danishefsky s diene in a Diels-Alder reaction [70a]. The diene adds chemoselectively to the triple bond next to the electrophilic carbene carbon. The thermally induced two-alkyne annulation of the complexes 115 and 116 was performed in benzene and yielded the steroid ring systems 117 and 118 (Scheme 51). This tandem Diels-Alder/two-alkyne annulation, which could also be applied in a one-pot procedure, offers new strategies for steroid synthesis in the class O—>ABCD. 

Double asymmetric synthesis and a new strategy for stereochemical control in organic synthesis [95]... 

It is possible that greater porosity in shale beds could be achieved by chemical comminution of the shale. For example, the treatment of western oil shales with acid solutions might result in comminution by inducing corrosive stress fracture of the carbonate rock. Chemical engineering research in this area, as well in the elucidation of oil-rock interactions, might provide insights for new strategies for oil shale production. 

A new strategy for the syntheas of oxide-containing fragments of morphine has been developed. Thus, the tricyclic (ANO) morphine fragment 45 was obtained as the sole product via an intramolecular radical cyclization. The tetracyclic (ACNO) fragment 46 was synthesized in a similar fashion starting from 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline <96T10935>. 

Novel room-temperature-vulcanized silicone mbber-organo-MMT nanocomposites were prepared by a solution intercalation process by Wang et al. [104]. A new strategy was developed by Ma et al. [105] to prepare disorderly exfoliated nanocomposites, in which a soft siloxane surfactant with a weight-average molecular weight of 1900 was adopted to modify the clay. 

Martin YC. Distance comparison (DISCO) A new strategy for examining 3D structure-activity relationships. In Hansch C, Fujita T, editors, Classical and 3D QSAR in agrochemistry. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1995. p.318-29. 

Geobacter metallireducens is also able to grow by vanadate respiration supported by acetate, and it has been suggested that this could provide a new strategy for removing vanadate from groundwater (Ortiz-Bernad et al. 2004b). 

Stevenson BS, SA Eichorst, JT Wertz, TM Schmidt, JA Breznak (2004) New strategies for cnltivation and detection of previonsly uncultivated microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 4748-4755. 

The aim of this contribution is to illustrate, on one side, how much progress has been made in the imderstanding of the site s structure and, on the other side, to illustrate the open question and to propose new strategies which should be adopted to study the catalyst under working conditions. 

Cacciola, G., V. Antonucci, and S. Freni, Technology updates and new strategies on fuel cells, J. Power Sources, 100, 67 (2001). 

In this section, the latest developments and recent publications on the biosynthesis of A9-THC and related cannabinoids as precursors are discussed. Special points of interests are the genetic aspects, enzyme regulation, and the environmental factors that have an influence on the cannabinoid content in the plant. Because of new and innovative developments in biotechnology we will give a short overview of new strategies for cannabinoid production in plant cell cultures and in heterologous organisms. 

Citterio S, Aina R, Labra M, Ghiani A, Fumagalli P, Sgorbati S, Santagostino A. 2002. Soil genotoxicity assessment a new strategy based on biomolecular tools and plant bio-indicators. Environ Sci Technol 36 2748-2753. 

Gao, W., Takei, Y., Marzi, L, Lindert, K.A., Caldwell-Kenkel, J.C., Currin, KT., Tanaka, Y., Lemasters, J.J. and Thurman, KG. (1991b). Carolina rinse solution a new strategy to increase survival time after orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 52, 417-424. 

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