New product strategies

Microbial formation of plant isoquinolines became an attractive issue over recent years [116]. Magnoflorine was of particular interest thanks to its pharmacological activities. On one hand, it was found that this aporphine alkaloid protects human high density lipoprotein (HDL) against lipid peroxidation but it also exhibits anti-HIV activity [117-119]. New production strategies for this alkaloid will be vital in the future. 

Three oxidation processes are already commercial. Other processes could be developed in the future, for example for the production of epichlorohydrin and phenol, especially in the event that new production strategies reduced the cost of hydrogen peroxide (see below). It is unlikely, however, that Ti-zeoUtes other than TS-1 could find apphcation in the foreseeable future. 

An accepted analysis for the determination of new product strategy and selection criteria in larger firms is often to project the desired growth of total sales on the one hand, and the declining value of sales of existing products on the other, resulting in a growing gap over future years which must be filled by sales of new products not presently marketed by the... 

Beyond research on setting a new product strategy and managing the innovation process, there also exists the possibility of research into macro scale impacts of the Internet on new product development. For example ... 

This section will review recent reports of attempts to produce PHA. Emphasis will be put on processes using R. eutropha or A. latus, and the survey will be limited to literature on PHA production in bioreactor only. While flask experiments are the necessary first stages in the development of new production strategies (e.g., the use of inexpensive substrates and sources of growth factors, as recently reported in [229] and [230], respectively) and therefore of high interest, the potential of a novel system can be truly assessed only once it has been scaled up to fermentor operation, in which culture conditions at least approach those of industrial fermentations. The other area of research with a possible future impact on large-scale production of PHAs, the use of transgenic plants, will be briefly discussed. 

Kalish, Shlomo, Vijay Mahajan, Eitan Muller, 1995, Waterfall and Sprinkler New-Product Strategies in Competitive Global Markets, International Journal of Research in Marketing 2, 105-119. 

In several important cases, new synthetic strategies have been developed into new production schemes. An outstanding example of this is the production of an entire family of terpene derivatives from a-pinene (29), the major component of most turpentines, via linalool (3) (12). Many of these materials had been produced from P-pinene, a lesser component of turpentine, via pyrolysis to myrcene and further chemical processing. The newer method offers greater manufacturing dexibiUty and better economics, and is environmentally friendly in that catalytic air oxidation is used to introduce functionality. 

STRATEGY Decide which bonds are broken and which bonds are formed. Use the mean bond enthalpies in Table 6.8 to estimate the change in enthalpy when the reactant bonds break and the change in enthalpy when the new product bonds form. For diatomic molecules, use the information in Table 6.7 for the specific molecule. Finally, add the enthalpy change required to break the reactant bonds (a positive value) to the enthalpy change that occurs when the product bonds form (a negative value). 

On the supply side, patents allow the innovating company considerable discretion in pricing their new products. However, new products may be complements or substitutes of those of rival companies. In reality, pharmaceutical firms operate in oligopolistic markets characterized by a limited number of competitors (especially in submarkets such as that of cardiovascular products, for example), differentiated products and competitive innovation strategies. 

As the service level depends on the production capacity and the production strategy, it is obvious that both should be optimized. This means first to choose the optimal capacities for the production lines and the buffers (warehouses, tanks, silos) when planning a new factory or an extension. 

Brennan, F.R. and Dougan, G., Non-clinical safety evaluation of novel vaccines and adjuvants New products, new strategies, Vaccine, 23, 3210, 2005. 

The sales strategy needs to decide what product to be sold in which sales market representing the sales location in the value chain network. New markets needs to be evaluated for their attractiveness and the own competitive position with respect to existing products or the capabilities in the development of new products for the respective demand. Sales business rules include decisions on the strategic share of contracted business volumes vs. flexible spot business volumes. These business rules often depend on sales channels and frame contracts with customers. The sales strategy can be matched with classical marketing mix decisions on products, prices, promotion and communication, as well as sales channel decisions. 

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