Neutrophils and

Similar results have been reported in sublethaHy and lethaHy irradiated dogs, where G-CSF reduced the severity and duration of neutropenia and the duration of thrombocytopenia (161). G-CSF increases the survival of lethaHy irradiated animals by inducing eadier recovery of neutrophils and platelets. GM-CSF also decreases the severity and duration of neutropenia in dogs exposed to 2.4 Gy (2400 rad) TBI, but does not influence monocyte or lymphocyte recovery (162), indicating its expected selective action. 

TNE- a also protects mice against the lethal effects of radiation (164). TNE- a given before sublethal kradiation reduces the decline of neutrophils and total blood counts and accelerates the recovery of peripheral blood cells (190). TNE- a also alters the radiosensitivity of murine G1 progenitors (191). 

When exposure is repeated, the allergen binds between two adjacent IgE molecules. This causes release of inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, chemotactic factors). These act locally and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, mucous gland secretion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and eosinophils). However, histamine can also be released by non-IgE-mediated mechanisms (e.g., due to exposure to certain fungi). 463... 

Bronchial Asthma. Figure 2 Mechanisms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Toxic products from eosinophils [cationic peptides, reactive oxygen species (ROS)] cause epithelial injury. Nerve endings become easily accessible to mediators from mast cells, eosinophils [eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)], and neutrophils, and to airborne toxicants such as S02. Activation of nerve endings stimulates effector cells like mucosal glands and airway smooth muscle either directly or by cholinergic reflexes. 

One intensively investigated feature of the inflammatory process in COPD is the release of proteases from neutrophils and monocytic cells that destroy elastin and other components of the interstitial matrix (Table 1). The best studied protease is neutrophil elastase. Independent of its elastolytic activity, neutrophil elastase is a potent secretagogue. More recently matrix metalloproteases (MMP) have received increasing attention, in particular MMP 12 (macrophages elastase). To which extent and how exactly these proteases become activated is not clear at present. 

Double stranded (ds) RNA is not a constituent of a normal cells but is produced during replication of many RNA and DNA viruses either as an obligatory intermediate or as a side product. As a foreign molecule, double stranded RNA induce the secretion of interferon (EFN) from lymphocytes, neutrophils and fibroblasts. 

Melanocortin peptides have been proposed as potent modulators of many pathologies including inflammatory (asthma, arthritis) and cardiovascular disease. They have been shown to be directed against resident cells within tissue such as macrophages, endothelial cells and also circulating leukocytes (neutrophils and lymphocytes). Therefore harnessing their therapeutic potential could lead to the development of novel therapeutics. 

However, the high levels of NO produced by activated macrophages (and probably neutrophils and... 

Smooth muscles, as the name implies, do not contain sarcomeres. In fact, it was initially difficult to demonstrate the presence of thick filaments in smooth muscle, although their presence is now well-established. On the other hand, it is very difficult to demonstrate thick filaments in highly motile cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, and this may reflect the necessity to rapidly form and redistribute cytoskeletal elements during migration. Thick filaments in smooth muscles appear to be considerably longer than those in striated muscles. They run diagonally in smooth muscle cells and attach to the membrane at structures known as dense bodies. Thus, there is a cork-screw effect when smooth muscles contract (Warshaw etal., 1987). 

The intermediate-duration oral MRL was derived based on the observation of decreases in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in rats consuming 0.9 mg/kg/day for 22 weeks (Banerjee and Hussain 1986). Choice of this end point is supported by the observation of similar effects in rats at higher doses following ingestion for shorter periods (Banerjee and Hussain 1986, 1987) and decreased neutrophils and... 

The expression of many of these molecules has been studied during various stages of differentiation of normal neutrophils and also of corresponding leukemic cells employing molecular biology techniques (eg, measurements of their specific mRNAs). For the majority, cDNAs have been isolated and sequenced, amino acid sequences deduced, genes have been localized to specific chromosomal locations, and exons and intron sequences have been defined. Some important proteinases of neutrophils are listed in Table 52-12. 

Table 52-12. Proteinases of neutrophils and antiproteinases of plasma and tissues. ...

Taken together, the complexity by which morphine acts as an immunosuppressor on the migration and functional activity of innate immune responders, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, poses a compromising environment that proves detrimental for the hosts ability to eradicate pathogens. 

FIGURE 8. The reduction of fMet(O)-Leu-Phe by a human neutrophil and purified E. coli Met(O) peptide reductase. Each assay contained in a final volume of 30 /j1 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), lOmM MgCl, 15 mm dithiothreitol 540pmole fMet(O)-[ H]Phe-Leu and Met(0)-peptide reductase. After incubating at 37 °C for 60 min, the incubation mixture is acidified and extracted with ethyl acetate. After centrifugation, an aliquot of the organic phase is removed and assayed for radioactivity. Reproduced by permission of Academic Press from Fliss and coworkers ... 

Kaur, H., Fagerheim, L, Grootveld, M., Puppo, A. and Halliwell, B. (1988). Aromatic hydroxylation of phenylalanine as an assay for hydroxyl radicals application to activated human neutrophils and to the haem protein leghaemoglobin. Anal. Biochem. 172, 360-367. 

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