Neutrophilic granulocytes colony stimulating factor

Neutropenia associated with interferon or pegylated interferon therapy is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 1000 cells/mm3 in rare cases, an ANC less than 500 cells/mm3 maybe observed. The neutropenia is more common and in some cases more severe with pegylated interferon than with unmodified interferon. Neutropenia usually occurs within the first 2 weeks after initiating either formulation of interferon, with the WBC count stabilizing by week four or six. The neutropenia is reversible upon discontinuing therapy. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has been used as an adjunctive therapy for interferon-induced neutropenia in hepatitis patients.44... 

S., Takaku, F. (1990). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulates human mature neutrophilic granulocytes to produce interferon-O . Blood 75, 17-19. 

Yuo, A., Kitagawa, S., Okabe, T., Urabe, A., Komatsu, Y., Itoh, S., Takaku, F. (1987). Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor repairs the abnormalities of neutrophils in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 70,404-11. 

Sashida G, Takaku XI, Honda S et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) could enhance Fcgamma receptor expression in neutrophils of patients with B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab. Leuk Lymphoma 2005 46 789-791. 

Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF red line) or placebo (green line) on absolute neutrophil count (ANC) after cytotoxic chemotherapy for lung cancer. Doses of chemotherapeutic drugs were administered on days 1 and 3. G-CSF or placebo injections were started on day 4 and continued daily through day 12 or 16. The first peak in ANC reflects the recruitment of mature cells by G-CSF. The second peak reflects a marked increase in new neutrophil production by the bone marrow under stimulation by G-CSF. (Normal ANC is 2.2-8.6 x 109/L.)... 

Ohki Y, Heissig B, Sato Y, Akiyama H, et al. 2005. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor promotes neovascularization by releasing vascular endothelial growth factor from neutrophils. FASEB J. 19 2005-2007. 

Takatani H, Soda H, Fukuda M, et al. Levels of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in serum are inversely correlated with circulating neutrophil counts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996 40 988-991. 

Price, T., Chatta, G., and Dale, D., Effect of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophil kinetics in normal young and elderly humans, Blood, Vol. 88, No. 1, 1996, pp. 335-340. 

Terashi, K., Oka, M., Ohdo, S., Furukubo, T., Ikeda, C., Fukuda, M., Soda, H., Higuchi, S., and Kohno, S., Close association between clearance of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and G-CSF receptor on neutrophils in cancer patients, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 43, No. 1, 1999, pp. 21-24. 

Sometimes PD properties are common across species, thus allowing for pertinent toxicity data to be collected from a variety of species. An example of this is granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a cytokine produced by various cells including monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells that regulates the production of neutrophils within the bone marrow, influences neutrophil proliferation and differentiation, and contributes to increased phagocytic function, respiratory burst, and antibody-dependent killing. Keller... 

Increased apoptosis of neutrophils has been reported in a 45-year-old woman with clozapine-induced agranulocytosis (142). Withdrawal of clozapine and treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor led to normalization of the blood neutrophil count within 3 weeks. 

A 27-year-old man taking clozapine, benperidol, and risperidone developed severe extrapyramidal adverse effects and had insufficient antipsychotic effects and was given olanzapine, rapidly increasing to 40 mg/day. After 9 days of treatment with olanzapine, his total white cell count fell from 5.8 x 109/1 to 3.4 x 109/1, and olanzapine was withdrawn 3 days later his neutrophil count was 0.39 x 109/1. He developed a fever of 39.5°C and was treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. 

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors G-CSF, an 18 kDa protein encoded by a gene on the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q), stimulates the proliferation of granulocyte progenitors and activates neutrophil function. 

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) primarily increases the production and function of neutrophils by stimulating the proliferation of committed myeloid precursors, rather than pluripotential stem cells (1). 

Sheridan WP, Morstyn G, Wolf M, Dodds A, Lusk J, Maher D, Layton JE, Green MD, Souza L, Fox RM. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and neutrophil recovery after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Lancet 1989 2(8668) 891-5. 

Calderwood S, Kilpatrick L, Douglas SD, Freedman M, Smith-Whitley K, Rolland M, Kurtzberg J. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy for patients with neutropenia and/or neutrophil dysfunction secondary to glycogen storage disease type lb. Blood 2001 97(2) 376-82. 

Prendiville J, Thiessen P, Mallory SB. Neutrophilic dermatoses in two children with idiopathic neutropenia association with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy. Pediatr Dermatol 2001 18(5) 417-21. 

Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, also known as Sweet syndrome, is a reactive process characterized by the abrupt onset of tender, red-to-purple papules, and nodules that coalesce to form plaques. The plaques usually occur on the upper extremities, face, or neck and are typically accompanied by fever and peripheral neutrophilia. Common causes of this disorder are Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (35 references), hydralazine and co-trimoxazole. 

These models have been apphed to describe the stimulatory effects of hematopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor on neutrophils, thrombopoietin on platelets, and erythropoietin on reticulocytes in blood (41). For the myelosuppressive effects of anticancer drugs, a two-compartment indirect model (42) or a multiple-pool cell hfespan model has been described (43). 

---