Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors

Lemmer K, Ahnert-Hilger G, Hopfner M, Hoegerle S, Faiss S, Grabowski P, Jockers-Scherubl M, Riecken EO, Zeitz M, Scherubl H (2002) Expression of dopamine receptors and transporter in neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumor cells. Life Sci 71 667-678. 

Promising results have been published for liver metastases of other different original tumors. Neuroendocrine tumors, particularly those of gastrointestinal tract origin, have a predisposition for metastasizing to the liver, causing parenchymal substitution and paraneoplastic syndrome (Fiorentini et al. 2004). TACE is thought to be an effective symptomatic and antiproliferative treatment in patients with liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumors. 

Eriksson BK, Larsson EG, Skogseid BM, et al. (1998) Liver embolizations of patients with malignant neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer 83 2293-2301... 

C. Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells of the gut and secrete serotonin and gastrointestinal hormones, which activate the gastrointestinal tract and result in diarrhea. Most of these tumors have receptors for somatostatin, which inhibit secretion when activated, resulting in reduced activity of the gut. Octreotide is a stable analogue of... 

Two gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid, VIPoma) cause secretory diarrhea and systemic symptoms such as flushing and wheezing. For patients with advanced symptomatic tumors that cannot be completely removed by surgery, octreotide decreases secretory diarrhea and systemic symptoms through inhibition of hormonal secretion and may slow tumor progression. 

Anti-Hu HuD, HuC, Hel-Nl Nucleus > cytoplasm (all neurons) Encephalomyelitis, SSN, LE, brain stem encephalitis, cerebellar degeneration, myelitis, gastrointestinal pseudoobstruction, extrapyramidal affection SCLC, neuroendocrine tumors... 

Other Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors and Tumor Maricers... 

The ability of melanomas to be labeled for bcl-1 protein and CDIO CD68 CD56, CD57, and CD99 and CD 117 creates the possibility that they may be confused with lymphomas, histiocytic lesions, primitive neuroectodermal and neuroendocrine neoplasms, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, respectively. As usual, the application of carefully constructed panels of antibody reagents, tailored to specihc diagnostic scenarios, should preclude those mistakes. 

The positive staining for AE1/AE3 and CAMS.2 that is seen in gastric carcinoids can help distinguish them from secondary involvement of the gastrointestinal tract by other neuroendocrine tumors such as pheochromocytoma and retroperitoneal paraganglioma. 

Mertz EE, Vyberg M, Paulsen SM. Immunohistochemical detection of neuroendocrine markers in tumors of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Appl Immunohistochem. 1998 6 175-180. 

Srivastava A, Padilla O, Fischer-Golbrie R, et al. Neuroendocrine secretory protein-55 (NESP-55) expression discriminates pancreatic endocrine tumors and pheochromocytomas from gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoids. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004 28 1371-1378. 

Viale G, Doglioni C, Gambacorta M, et al. Progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in pancreatic endocrine tumors. An im-munocytochemical study of 156 neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and skin. Cancer. 1992 70 2268-2277. 

Coldwell D, Nutting C, Kennedy AK (2005) Use of yttrium-90 SirSpheres to treat metastatic unresectable neuroendocrine tumors to the liver. Presented at the World Congress of Gastrointestinal Cancer, June 27-30, Barcelona, Spain... 

In a review of 15 studies in 481 patients given somatostatin analogues for gastroenteropan-creatic neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors, the most common adverse reactions (more than 1%) were gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, steatorrhea, and nausea) and injection site reactions [67 ]. Hypothyroidism and cholelithiasis were less frequent. Rare adverse reactions (< 1/1000) were acute pancreatitis, alopecia, acute hepatitis, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, prolongation of the QT interval, and dysrhythmias. 

Seemann MD (2007) Detection of metastases from gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors prospective comparison of F-TOCA PET, triple-phase CT, and PET-CT. Technol Cancer Res Treat 6 213-220... 

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