Olfactory neuroblastoma

IHC shows ethanol induction of CYP2E1 in olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of male rats nicotine induces in olfactory bulbs, frontal cortex, olfactory tubercle, cerebellum, and brainstem. More CYP2E1 found in brains from human alcoholics and alcoholic smokers in granular cells of the dentate gyrus, pyramidal cells of CA2 and CA3 hippocampus, and cerebellar Purkinje cells. More CYP2E1 In frontal cortices of alcoholic smokers versus all nonsmokers. CYP2E1 in cultured human neuroblastoma cells Induced by nicotine (Howard et al., 2003). 

CK, cytokeratin EMA, epithelial membrane antigen LCA, leukocyte common antigen NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma ONE, olfactory neuroblastoma ES/PNET, Ewing s sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor SNUC, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. 

Many of the tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses fall under the category of round cell neoplasms. Among these are olfactory neuroblastoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant melanoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma-small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma, invasive-ectopic pituitary adenoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Ewing s sarcoma (ES)-peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (ES/ PNET). But there is also a host of other epithelial lesions that are unique to the sinonasal tract. 

FIGURE 9.S Synaptophysin strong cytoplasmic immunostain of olfactory neuroblastoma. (Synaptophysin, x200 original magnification.)... 

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONE) is the prototypic round cell tumor of the sinonasal tract. It occurs over a broad age range (average 40 to 45 years) and affects both sexes equally. The tumor most commonly arises high in the nasal cavity and has its primary attachment or origin at the cribriform plate. Rare cases will have origins in other locations within the sinonasal cavity. The tumor is frequently polypoid. Clinically, patients with ONE can present with nonspecific sinonasal symptoms such as obstruction and nasal congestion, and they... 

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is composed of small round blue cells that grow in a lobular or diffuse pattern. 

TABLE 9.4 Olfactory Neuroblastoma (ONB) versus Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) ... 

The differential diagnosis for neuroendocrine tumors in the sinonasal tract will include olfactory neuroblastoma, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, paraganglioma, and possibly even sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Once these more specific neuroendocrine entities have been excluded, there remains a small group of tumors that cannot be further classified. These should be referred to as neuroendocrine carcinoma, not otherwise specified. These tumors can be graded using standard morphologic features. 

The differential diagnosis might include olfactory neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, and carcinoid. 

Feature Pituitary Adenoma Olfactory Neuroblastoma Paraganglioma Carcinoid... 

Devaney K, Wenig BM, Abbondanzo SL. Olfactory neuroblastoma and other round cell lesions of the sinonasal region. Mod Pathol. 1996 9(6) 658-663. 

Slootweg PJ, Lubsen H. Rhabdomyoblasts in olfactory neuroblastoma. Histopathology. 1991 19(2) 182-184. 

Guled M, Myllykangas S, Erierson Jr HE, et al. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of olfactory neuroblastoma. Mod Pathol. 2008 21(6) 770-778. 

Inhalation studies have shown positive tumorigenic response in mice. Studies conducted under National Toxicology Program (NTP) show clear evidence of carcinogenicity in rats resulting from inhalation of naphthalene vapors (NTP 2000). Increased incidences of respiratory epithelial adenoma and olfactory epithelial neuroblastoma in the nose were observed in both the sexes of rats. On the... 

Argani, P., Perez-Ordonez, B., Xiao, H. (1998) Olfactory neuroblastoma is not related to the Ewing s family of tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 22, 391-398. 

Carney ME, O Reilly RC, Sholevar B, Bujakova Ol, Lowry ED, Keane WM, Margolis EL, Rothstein JL. Expression of the human achaete-scute 1 gene in olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma). J Neurooncol. 1995 26 35 3. 

Olfactory neuroblastoma or esthesioneuroblastoma is found at the frontobasis as a paramedian tumor structure that may extend from the nasal cavity into the orbit (Mueller-Forell and Pitz 2004). 

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