Nebulizer device

In cases of severe acute asthmatic attacks, bronchodilators and steroids for direct dehveiy to the lungs may be needed in large doses. This is achieved by direct inhalation via a nebulizer device this converts a liquid into a mist or fine spray. The dmg is diluted in small volumes of Water for Injections BP before loading into the reservoir of the machine. This vehicle must be sterile and preservative-fiee and is therefore prepared as a terminally sterilized unit dose in polyethylene nebules. 

Wu-Pong and Byron [15] have contributed a review of the issues associated with pulmonary delivery of ASOs. Since ASOs are freely soluble and highly hygroscopic, it would be reasonable to assume that initial dosage forms will rely upon the aerosolization of simple aqueous solutions. Our data indicate that commercially available nebulization devices will generate suitable aerosolizations of ASO solutions at concentrations up to 180 mg/mL [3]. Ultrasonic and jet nebulizations were found to have essentially no effect on the phosphorothioate stability of the ASO over 40 min, which is longer than typical treatment times. 

Due to its versatility, robustness, and relativel low cost, ICP-AES has started to be considered as routine instrumentation for elemental composition measurements in many laboratories involved in food analysis. Unquestionably, the acceptance of the technique has been further advanced by the commercial availability of rapid, simultaneous, and flexible, sequential instruments based on echelle grating crossed dispersion and solid state detectors. It is expected that novel nebulizer devices for liquid sample introduction will find increased applications in beverage analysis. 

Rau, J. L. (2002), Design principles of liquid nebulization devices currently in use, Respir. Care, Al, 1257-1275 discussion 1275-1278. 

A wide variety of nebulizers are now available. They all have their own physicochemical properties. In the absence of the ability to quantitate lung deposition, most modem labels specify the combination of a new dmg with particular nebulizer device (the labeling for alpha-domase was the first to exhibit this change in regulatory policy). The corollary is that product development plans should decide, as early as possible, which nebulizer is intended for the marketplace, and that device should be used in all inhalational toxicology studies and subsequent clinical trials. 

In the case of solutions, various nebulization devices are often used for the production of aerosols. For plasma sources at atmospheric pressure or flames, the aerosol generation is frequently performed in a separate device. As shown schematically in Fig. 39, a number of sampling techniques for the analysis of solutions as well as for direct sampling of solids can be applied. The techniques used for plasma spectrometry [103] as well as sampling based on thermal evaporation and... 

Nebulizers, devices used for aspiration of the sample into plasma, often clog when high-salt solutions are aspirated the HNO3 acid step is designed to eliminate that problem. The HNO3 acid treatment can be... 

A dramatic resonance effect among the multiple horns is transformed on a medicinal liquid layer to facilitate the ejection of mono-disperse droplets with a size of 2-5 [xm at a low electrical drive power smaller than 1.0 W. The small nozzle size requires a low drive power, which allows the ultrasonic nebulizer device to be pocket-size. A variety of pulmonary drugs have been nebulized with this device. Desirable aerosol sizes and output rate could be achieved (35). 

While electrospray is a nebulizing device, it also entails some aspects of electrochemical reactions [152,153]. Electrochemical control of ESI is necessary to achieve optimum interface performance. Sometimes intricate features of the interface design (e.g., presence of a ground loop) can affect its operation [154], Deficiencies of the electrical design, might - in some cases - lead to decomposition of infused samples, for example, due to oxidation [155]. Thus, for artifact-free real-time monitoring by ESI-MS it is vital that the analyte species are ionized as they arrive at the emitter, while any undesirable electrochemical effects have little or no influence. On the other hand, electrochemical oxidation can be used to pre-treat effluents of chromatographic columns prior to MS detection [156]. 

Devices that circumvent host defenses and facilitate the transmission of bacteria into the lung have been identified as risk factors for NP (17,22,24,29-31,35,41,55,59,74,128) (Tables 3 and 4). This includes devices in contact with the respiratory tract for diagnostic purposes (e.g., bronchoscopes) or therapeutic purposes (e.g., endotracheal tubes, nebulizers). Devices are readily colonized by nosocomial bacteria with transmission frequently occurring by way of contaminated hands of health care workers from other patients, devices, or other body sites of the same patient. Certain devices also predispose the patient... 

Castillano, M.T. M. (1994). Solution nebulization device (ultrasonic nebulizer) for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and alternate plasma source (low pressure inductively coupled plasma) for mass spectrometry. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. 

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