Near-surface mounted technique

Strips are applied directly on the surface of a structure that is pretreated, e.g. by grinding or sand-blasting, using a two-component epoxy adhesive. Another technique is the so-called near surface mounted reinforcement (NSMR), which means that the strips are embedded into slits in the... 

De Lorenzis L and Teng J G (2007), Near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement An emerging technique for structural strengthening . Compos Part B, 38, 119-143. doi 10.1016/j. compositesb.2006.08.003... 

An alternative or complementary technique based on near surface mounted reinforcements and called NSM consists in inserting FRP rods with an epoxy adhesive or cement grout into grooves cut in the concrete member (De Lorenzis and Teng, 2007). 

De Caso y Basalo, F.B., Malta, E, Nanni, A. (2012). Fibre reinforced cement-based composite system for concrete confinement. Construction and Building Materials, 32, 55-65. doi 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.063 De Lorenzis, L., Teng, J.G. (2007). Near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement An emerging technique for strengthening structures. Composites Part B Engineering, 38, 119-143. doi 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.08.003 Derrien, K., Gilormini, P. (2006). In Proceedings of the DSL 2006 Conference, Defect and Diffusion Forum, 258/260, 447-452. 

The near-surface mounted (NSM) technique is based on installing laminates... 

The rehabilitation of RC beams by the techniques of (i) external plate bonding (EPB) and (ii) Near Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP rods. 

The flexural strengthening of RC bridge beams by the technique of Near Surface Mounted (NSM)... 

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a variant of STM and was introduced in 1986 by Binnig et al. (11). AFM belongs to a family of near-field microscopies and is capable of imaging a wide variety of specimens surface down to an atomic scale. The technique employs a probe (pyramidal tip) mounted at the end of a sensitive but rigid cantilever (see Fig. 2). The probe is drawn across the specimen under very light mechanical loading (1). Measurements of the probe s interaction with the sample s surface are accomplished with a laser beam reflected from the cantilever. 

The technique of FT-IR internal ATR has been developed to the point that, today, ATR mirror lenses are available for an IR microscope. Furthermore, a newly developed, dedicated diamond internal reflection instrument, the lUuminatIR (Smith s Detection, Shelton, CT, USA) has now joined the ranks of microspectroscopy. This instrument incorporates a small, horizontally mounted diamond, on the surface of which is placed the material to be examined. In this way, the material is in optical contact with the diamond, and is held in place by a shaft pressing down from above. In this case, the radiation enters from beneath the instrument at an appropriate angle, and internally reflected rays are subsequently collected. The specimen is illuminated from beneath with a near-IR source that is detected and displayed on a video screen. With this optical arrangement, it is possible to locate a particular part of the material in the field of view and to interrogate it Such an arrangement is particularly user friendly, and indeed it is mostly used by... 

The optical apertures used in near-field microscopy are usually prepared by pulling a heated optical fibre until it breaks [25]. The sides of the tips are coated with aluminum. The typical diameters of the apertures produced by this technique are 60 10 nm, which is about one tenth of the optical wavelength. The transmission of such a tip ranges from 10 to 10 . The near-field tip is mounted on a xyz-piezo-electric (PZT) tube scanner to control the fine approach (2) to the surface and the lateral dithering (x,y) of the tip. The coarse z positioning was achieved by a coupled spring and steel plate comparable to the setup described in [30]. The sample was connected to a small glass hemisphere to minimize losses due to internal reflections and mounted in the focus of a paraboloid mirror with a numerical aperture of NA = 0.98. The whole setup, paraboloid mirror, sample, and PZT tube with the fibre tip, was then mounted inside a cryostat and immersed in superfluid Helium at 1.8 K. 

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