Nausea definition

Toxicology. The acute oral and dermal toxicity of naphthalene is low with LD q values for rats from 1780—2500 mg/kg orally (41) and greater than 2000 mg/kg dermally. The inhalation of naphthalene vapors may cause headache, nausea, confusion, and profuse perspiration, and if exposure is severe, vomiting, optic neuritis, and hematuria may occur (28). Chronic exposure studies conducted by the NTP ia mice for two years showed that naphthalene caused irritation to the nasal passages, but no other overt toxicity was noted. Rabbits that received 1—2 g/d of naphthalene either orally or hypodermically developed changes ia the lens of the eye after a few days, foUowed by definite opacity of the lens after several days (41). Rare cases of such corneal epithelium damage ia humans have been reported (28). Naphthalene can be irritating to the skin, and hypersensitivity does occur. 

The unusual physical complaints and findings in workers overexposed to teUurium include somnolence, anorexia, nausea, perspiration, a metallic taste in the mouth and garlic-like odor on the breath (48). The unpleasant odor, attributed to the formation of dimethyl teUuride, has not been associated with any adverse health symptoms. Tellurium compounds and metaboUc products have been identified in exhaled breath, sweat, urine, and feces. Elimination is relatively slow and continuous exposure may result in some accumulation. No definite pathological effects have been observed beyond the physical complaints outlined. Unlike selenium, teUurium has not been proved to be an essential biological trace element. 

An evaluation of the rifaximin tolerability profile observed in almost 1,000 patients from 30 clinical trials was unable to identify a definite pattern of intolerance [33]. Very few adverse events have been reported during short-tem treatment with the drug, the most frequently reported being gastrointestinal in nature (e.g. flatulence, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting). It is worthwhile to emphasize that the detection of GI adverse reactions could have been difficult in rifaximin trials since the symptoms of the underlying diseases were often similar to the GI complaints observed after drug treatment. 

Case reports are available regarding lethal effects of acute exposure to arsine (Pinto et al. 1950 Morse and Setterlind 1950 Hesdorffer et al. 1986). However, no definitive quantitative exposure data accompany these reports. Signs and symptoms varied depending on the exposure situation but usually included abdominal and muscle pain, nausea and diarrhea, hematuria, and oliguria. Delayed lethality, common in arsine poisoning, varied considerably. 

Data on acute exposures of humans to both isomers of dimethylhydrazine are limited to case reports of accidental exposures. Signs and symptoms of exposure include respiratory irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, vomiting, and neurologic effects. However, definitive exposure data (concentration and duration) were unavailable for these accidents. The limited data in humans suggest that the nonlethal toxic response to acute inhalation of dimethylhydrazine is qualitatively similar to that observed in animals. No information was available regarding lethal responses in humans. In the absence of quantitative data in humans, the use of animal data is considered a credible approach for developing AEGL values. 

CDC Case Definition An illness of variable severity characterized by diarrhea, fever, nausea, cramps, and tenesmus. Asymptomatic infections may occur. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is isolation of Shigella from a clinical specimen. 

Pharmacology The mechanism of action of scopolamine in the CNS is not definitely known but may include anticholinergic effects. The ability of scopolamine to prevent motion-induced nausea is believed to be associated with inhibition of vestibular input to the CNS, which results in inhibition of the vomiting reflex. In addition, scopolamine may have a direct action on the vomiting center within the reticular formation of the brain stem. 

An excellent brief article on buprenorphine treatment has been provided by Taikato et al. (2005), which notes the common possible side-effects (headaches, nausea and vomiting, sweating, constipation, etc.) and drug interactions. The limited central depressant effect of buprenorphine may be compounded by alcohol and antidepressants, while the metabolism of buprenorphine can be enhanced by anticonvulsants, with therefore possibly reduced efficacy. There have been some case reports of liver toxicity from buprenorphine that is reversible if the medication is stopped (Herve et al. 2004), and often clinical guidelines will recommend that liver function tests are included in buprenorphine treatment, as they definitely should be with naltrexone. 

Definite mental confusion, considerable incoordination and staggering gait There may be complaints of nausea and nervousness many suffer headache... 

Several small clinical trials have suggested that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and results in shorter emergence times. However, a systematic review (52) and a meta-analysis (53) have shown that most studies were small, did not have follow-up for more than 6 hours postoperatively, and were sponsored by industry. The results were difficult to combine, owing to heterogeneous definitions of postoperative nausea and vomiting. 

Systemic effects, such as dizziness, tachycardia, agitation, nausea, tremor, syncope, seizures, and bronchos-pasm, are a definite risk with local anesthesia in a vascular area. A wide range of patients present for dental surgery, and it is important that an adequate medical history be taken and accurate doses calculated on an individual basis. Low concentrations of adrenahne should be used. 

An understanding of basic definitions about safety and toxicity is crucial. First, all compounds, no matter how salutary, can be ingested in some manner or in some quantity that will cause toxicity. Toxicity is the capacity of a substance to produce some adverse effect or harm. Even essential components such as water and vitamins can be consumed at toxic levels. Too much pure water can cause renal shutdown excessive vitamins can cause minor problems such as flushing or nausea or major problems such as liver damage, teratogenicity, and death. The 1538 Paracelsus motto, Only the dose makes the poison, operates for food components (Jones, 1992). 

I combined 125 mg of harmala extract with 50 mg of a Phalaris grass extraction. This time there was no allergic reaction and the potion was defi-nitely psychoactive. Unfortunately, like most ayahuasca combinations, this was accompanied by strong waves of nausea. The experience was what Shulgin describes as a "plus-2" - there was definite activity, but not so much that I couldn t function in an emergency if I had to. The trip could have been stronger (compared with two grams of Psilocybe cubensis, for example), but it was unquestionably "psychedelic."... 

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