Natural sources plants

Extraction from natural sources (plant or animal material) ... 

Herrero, M., Cifuentes, A. and Ibanez, E. 2006. Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Functional Ingredients from Different Natural Sources Plants, Food-By-Products, Algae and Microalgae. Food Chem., 98, 136-148. 

Obtaining wax from Natural Sources Plants and berries are potential sources of natural waxes. Place the plants and/or berries in boiling water. The natural waxes will melt. 

Perkin tmdoubtedly appreciated the significance of his discovery, as the worldwide dye and textile industry was the largest chemical industry at that time. Most dyes were derived from natural sources (plants or insects), and chemists were only just beginning to investigate synthetic dyes. Purple was an especially desired color, as expensive natural purple dyes made purple-dyed cloth too expensive for most people. Perkin s discovery was also especially timely, as mauve mania had hit the world a year earfier. Demand for the natural purple dye derived from fichen hit manic proportions (and a cheap, synthetic substitute would be worth vast sums of money). 

Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibanez E. Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgaeA review. Food Chem 2006 98 136. 

Obtaining wax from natural sources Plants and berries are potential sources of natural waxes. Place the plants and/or berries in boiling water. The natural waxes will melt. Let the water cool. The natural waxes will form a solid layer on the water surface. Skim off the solid wax and let it dry. With... 

Hydrocarbons are divided into two mam classes aliphatic and aromatic This classifi cation dates from the nineteenth century when organic chemistry was devoted almost entirely to the study of materials from natural sources and terms were coined that reflected a substance s origin Two sources were fats and oils and the word aliphatic was derived from the Greek word aleiphar meaning ( fat ) Aromatic hydrocarbons irre spective of their own odor were typically obtained by chemical treatment of pleasant smelling plant extracts... 

Textile dyes were, until the nineteenth century invention of aniline dyes, derived from biological sources plants or animals, eg, insects or, as in the case of the highly prized classical dyestuff Tyrian purple, a shellfish. Some of these natural dyes are so-caUed vat dyes, eg, indigo and Tyrian purple, in which a chemical modification after binding to the fiber results in the intended color. Some others are direct dyes, eg, walnut sheU and safflower, that can be apphed directly to the fiber. The majority, however, are mordant dyes a metal salt precipitated onto the fiber facUitates the binding of the dyestuff Aluminum, iron, and tin salts ate the most common historical mordants. The color of the dyed textile depends on the mordant used for example, cochineal is crimson when mordanted with aluminum, purple with iron, and scarlet with tin (see Dyes AND DYE INTERMEDIATES). 

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) operated a coal hydrogenation plant at a pressure of 20 MPa (2900 psi) and a temperature of 400—500°C to produce Hquid hydrocarbon fuel from 1935 to the outbreak of World War II. As many as 12 such plants operated in Germany during World War II to make the country less dependent on petroleum from natural sources but the process was discontinued when hostihties ceased (see Coal conversion PROCESSES,liquefaction). Currentiy the Fisher-Tropsch process is being used at the Sasol plants in South Africa to convert synthesis gas into largely ahphatic hydrocarbons at 10—20 MPa and about 400°C to supply 70% of the fuel needed for transportation. 

There are three general processes that ate used, as of ca 1996, woddwide for steroid production (/) direct isolation from natural sources, (2) partial synthesis from steroid raw materials that have been isolated from plants and animals, and (J) total synthesis from nonsteroidal starting materials (120). 

Sulfur dioxide occurs in industrial and urban atmospheres at 1 ppb—1 ppm and in remote areas of the earth at 50—120 ppt (27). Plants and animals have a natural tolerance to low levels of sulfur dioxide. Natural sources include volcanoes and volcanic vents, decaying organic matter, and solar action on seawater (28,290,291). Sulfur dioxide is beHeved to be the main sulfur species produced by oxidation of dimethyl sulfide that is emitted from the ocean. 

The places from which pollutants emanate are called sources. There are natural as well as anthropogenic sources of the permanent gases considered to be pollutants. These include plant and animal respiration and the decay of what was once living matter. Volcanoes and naturally caused forest fires are other natural sources. The places to which pollutants disappear from the air are called sinks. Sinks include the soil, vegetation, structures, and water bodies, particularly the oceans. The mechanisms whereby pollutants... 

Voids and Honti (1974) described the incident. A carbon dioxide purification plant in Rdpcelak, Hungary, produced carbon dioxide from natural sources. It was liquefied and supercooled after purification by ammonia refrigeration, then stored in tanks under a pressure of 15 bar (220 psi) at a temperature of — 30°C ( —22°F). 

Tlic diterpene was rea,dily prepared in a perlcctly pure condition, so that it was possible lo determine saiislactorily ils ocimposiliou and physical properties. This well-cryswlUsed body is thus one ol the verv lew mcmbrics ol this class ol plant suhsUnces which can be prepared Irom natural sources in a parlectly pure condiUon. The oil was obtained by steam distillation, and contained about 3 per cent, of the solid diterpene. 

Fibers that come from natural sources, such as minerals, animals, and plants, are classified as natural fibers [5,6],... 

Nitrogen oxides are generated by both human and nonhuman action, but the major sources of NO, are high-temperature combustion processes such as those occurring in power plants and automobile engines. Natural sources of NO., include lightning, chemical processes that occur in soil, and the metabolic activities of plants. 

The chlorophylls produced by bacteria, algae and plants are a natural source of chlorins. The isolation of chlorophylls from natural material is known to be difficult because of their extreme sensitivity to various reactions, such as enolization, epimerization, allomerization, de-methoxycarbonylation, solvolysis, demctalation, dephytylation, photooxidation, etc. Often the... 

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