Natural gas pyrolysis

Shpilrain, E., Shterenberg, V., and Zaichenko, V., Comparative analysis of different natural gas pyrolysis methods, Int.. Hydrogen Energ., 24, 613,1999. 

Growth of Carbon Fibers in Stainless Steel Tubes by Natural Gas Pyrolysis... 

Since its foundation the Department of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry of the V.U.B. acquired considerable experi-eice in the field of high temperature processes, -with studies on steam-reforming of natural gas, pyrolysis of hydrocarbons and catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons. The Department conducted fundamental studies as well as contract work for industry, e.g. in the domain of fluidized bed techniques, incinerator grate mechanisms and small waste-fed boilers. An assessment on current thermal disposal techniques was prepared on behalf of E.E.C.[ 5 57958] ... 

Tibbetts GG. Growth of carbon fibres in stainless steel tubes by natural gas pyrolysis. J Cryst Growth 1984 66 632-8. 

The original method for the manufacture of ethyne, the action of water on calcium carbide, is still of very great importance, but newer methods include the pyrolysis of the lower paraffins in the presence of steam, the partial oxidation of natural gas (methane) and the cracking of hydrocarbons in an electric arc. 

Heat is transferred by direct contact with solids that have been preheated by combustion gases. The process is a cycle of alternate heating and reactingperiods. The Wulf process for acetylene by pyrolysis of natural gas utilizes a heated brick checker work on a 4-min cycle of heating and reacting. The temperature play is 15°C (59°F), peak temperature is 1,200°C (2,192°F), residence time is 0.1 s of wmich 0.03 s is near the peak (Faith, Keyes, and Clark, Industrial Chemicals, vol. 27, Wiley, 1975). 

An espeeially high potential for the synthesis of heteroeyeles is displayed by di-aeetylene formed as a side produet (and flared) in aeetylene manufaeturing by eleetroeraeking and oxidative or plasma pyrolysis of natural gas (96ZPK353 00ZPK619). 

In this process, the feed (natural gas) is pyrolyzed in preheated furnaces lined with a checker work of hot bricks. The pyrolysis reaction produces carbon, which collects on the bricks. The cooled bricks are then... 

Holmen, A., Olsvik, O., and Rockstad, O., Pyrolysis of natural gas Chemistry and process concepts, Fuel Proces. Technol., 42,249, 1995. 

Serban, M. et al., Hydrogen production by direct contact pyrolysis of natural gas, Preprints of Symposia—Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., 47, 746, 2002. 

Conversion from coal to natural gas. Sasol 1 was designed as a coal-to-liquids facility. A natural gas pipeline was constructed and commissioned in 2004. This allowed the Sasol 1 facility to be converted to a gas-to-liquids plant. Although it implied that the associated coal tar refinery would become redundant, the decision was made by Sasol to keep the coal-to-chemicals units at Sasol 1 in operation by supplying coal pyrolysis products from its larger CTL facility in Secunda. 

Some application areas of gas sensors are described in chapter 5.3, including gas and fuel powered domestic burner control, air quality sensing, indoor detection of CO, and natural gas detection. Several further applications of gas sensors are still in the development stage, e.g. for cooking and frying control, or for controlling the self-cleaning procedure (pyrolysis) of ovens. 

Alternative pathways, also discussed in part in the various chapters, include (catalytic) pyrolysis, flash or fast processes for wet biomass without pre-drying, hydro-thermal upgrading (HTU), conversion of solid biomass more or less directly into a natural-gas equivalent called substitute natural gas (SNG), or even to hydrogen. 

Catalytie synthesis from CO and Hj Natural gas Petroleum gas Distillation of liquid from eoal pyrolysis Catalytic synthesis from CO and Hj Distillation of liquid from wood pyrolysis Gaseous products from biomass gasification Synthetic gas from biomass and coal... 

EPR has been observed and studied in porous carbons by numerous authors 178-182). The carbons studied have been prepared by pyrolysis of organic material such as dextrose 180), coal 181), and natural gas or oils 181,182). Porous carbons are of considerable technological importance and show catalytic activity for the ortho-parahydrogen conversion, the hydrogen-deuterium reaction, and many reactions of inorganic complex ions 156). Relationships between the characteristics of the EPR absorption and the catalytic activity of porous carbons for the o-p Hj and Hj-D reactions have been demonstrated by Turkevich and Laroche 183). 

The number of free radicals detected by EPR in porous carbons varies from 10 to 10 radicals per gram and is strongly dependent on the per cent carbon content of the carbon. Likewise in the carbonization of organic materials the number of radicals is strongly dependent on the temperature of carbonization a maximum number of radicals is attained by carbonization between 500 and 600°. Heat treatment of carbon blacks formed by pyrolysis of natural gas and oils also results in a variation 182) of the number of unpaired electrons. 

Hydrogen production. Intensive R D is underway on the production of hydrogen from natural gas and biomass. Concerning biological hydrogen, a national co-operative platform has been formed with 11 institutes and universities. In addition, thermal (pyrolysis) and hydrothermal processes are being studied at multiple places. Other research areas include various thermal and hydrothermal processes (BTC, TNO, ECN), and hydrogen from electricity produce by renewables (solar, wind, and tidal power). 

Methanol was first produced commercially in 1830 by the pyrolysis of wood to produce wood alcohol. Almost a century later, a process was developed in Germany by BASF to produce synthetic methanol from coal synthesis gas. The first synthetic methanol plant was introduced by BASF in 1923 and in the United States by DuPont in 1927. In the late 1940s, natural gas replaced coal synthesis gas as the primary feedstock for methanol production. In 1966, ICI announced the development of a copper-based catalyst for use in the low-pressure synthesis of methanol. 

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