Hydrocarbons natural gas

A petrochemical is a chemical compound or element recovered from petroleum or natural gas, or derived in whole or in part from petroleum or natural gas hydrocarbons, and intended for chemical markets. 

For many applications, hydrogen is the most convenient fuel, but it is not a primary fuel, so that it has to be produced from different sources water, fossil fuels (natural gas, hydrocarbons, etc.), biomass resources and so on. Moreover, the clean production of hydrogen (including the limitation of carbon dioxide production) and the difficulties with its storage and large-scale distribution are still strong limitations for the development of such techniques [2, 3]. In this context, other fuels, particularly those, like alcohols, which are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, are more convenient due to the ease of their handling and distribution. 

An example of the first situation is methafiol, which is made today from the three main chemical raw material sources plant matter (by wood distillation) coal (via carbon monoxide and hydrogen in water gas) and natural gas hydrocarbons (both by direct oxidation and through CO-H2 synthesis, where the synthesis gas is made from methane). 

In view of the many studies that have been made to develop practical methods of producing acetylene from natural gas hydrocarbons, it is significant that several concerns are reported 17) to have plans actively under way or under study for initiating the large scale commercial production of acetylene from petroleum feed stocks, some of which is to be used directly for the production of acrylonitrile. 

The term is also applied more generally to thermal decompn processes thus ammonia may be cracked to give N2 H2 and natural gas hydrocarbons (such as methane, CH4) are cracked into C H2 or into other hydrocarbons Refs 1) Davis (1943), 129 224 2) Hackh s (1944), 23 1 3) Ullmann 10 (1958), 476-83 (Cracking of oils to Reichgasen) 4) CondChemDict (1961), 312... 

FIGU RE 1.2 Phase diagrams for some simple natural gas hydrocarbons that form hydrates. Ql lower quadruple point Q2 upper quadruple point. (Modified from Katz, D.L., Cornell, D., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F.H., Vary, J.A., Elenbaas, J.R., Weinaug, C.F., The Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, McGraw Hill Bk. Co. (1959). With permission.)... 

Thus, ethylene, obtained from petroleum or natural gas hydrocarbons, is also a mon< Qer for the direct formation of a plastic such as polyethylene, or of an elastomer such as Ethylene-Prop ene-Termonomer (EPT) rubber. Acetic add, produced in several stq> from acetylene or ethylene, is also produced directly by the oxidation of a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons (naphtha). 

Derivation (1) By high-pressure catalytic synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen (2) partial oxidation of natural gas hydrocarbons (3) several processes for making methanol by gasification of wood, peat, and lignite have been developed but have not yet proved out commercially (4) from methane with molybdenum catalyst (experimental). 

Derivation From oxidation of natural gas hydrocarbons, also from fusel oil. 

Petroleum chemicals are synthetic organic chemicals including hydrocarbons and derivatives containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, the halogens, synthesized from fractions of crude petroleum or natural gas hydrocarbon components (70). 

Let us consider a solid oxide electrolyte reactor in which one side ofthe membrane is in contact with ambient air, and the other side (referred to as the working electrode) is fed either by an inert or a reactive gas (a mixture of hydrogen, natural gas, hydrocarbons, CO, etc. and H2O and/or CO2). Figure 12.5 shows, in graphical terms, the voltage variation of the working electrode referred to air as a function of the current. 

The use of ozone in the oxidation of the heavier hydrocarbons is subjected to the same restrictions surrounding its industrial use as with the natural gas hydrocarbons, chiefly cost. Consequently, even less work has been done with it in regard to the heavy hydrocarbons than is true of methane. Where ozonized air is passed into boiling n-hexane a series of oxidation products results consisting of aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde in preponderance and higher aldehydes up to hexoic), fatty acids probably also up to six carbon atoms, and a mixture of esters.88... 

Besides the well-established applications there are a number of emerging membrane gas separations. These are, for example, natural gas hydrocarbon dewpointing, olefin/paraffm separation and separation of hydrocarbon isomeres. These will be addressed in the following material section. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of state-of-the-art and emerging materials for gas-separation membranes, to give some key features of integral asymmetric and composite membranes and finally to explain the influence of basic process parameters. 

Despite the high tonnages of petrochemicals, the chemical industry as a whole consumes rather less than 10% of available petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons as feedstocks, with possibly a further 4-5% as fuel. For comparison, the current consumption of gasoline alone in Western Europe exceeds 120 Mt per annum, while the U.S. figure is over 300 Mt per annum. Hence, prices of individual hydrocarbon feedstocks are largely determined by other forces the most economic feedstock/route combination has frequently changed with time, and may differ in different parts of the world. Furthermore, while a specific route may be preferred for new plants, older plants for which the capital is largely written off may well remain economically viable. Finally, special situations may prompt individual solutions. For example, Rhone-Poulenc in France derive the carbon monoxide for a very modern acetic acid plant, based on Monsanto s methanol carbonylation process, from the partial... 

Fossil Fuels Deposits within the Earth s crust of either solid (coal), liquid (oil), or gaseous (natural gas) hydrocarbons produced through the natural decomposition of organic material (plants and animals) over many millions of years. These deposits contain high amounts of carbon, which can be burned with oxygen to provide heat and energy. 

A typical process system is illustrated by the schematic flow diagram of Figure 13-19, which is based on the treatment of gas produced by the reforming of natural gas hydrocarbons with steam. The 1,500° to 1,600°F gas mixture emerging from the reformer, which contains mainly hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, is used to generate high pres-... 

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