National Science Foundation, support

This work was supported by grants from the Polymers Program of the National Science Foundation. Support of our research by an NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award is also gratefully acknowledged. 

Much of the excitement over nanotechnology lies in the new science that is being discovered and the new tools that allow us to manipulate matter at the nanoscale, including individual atoms. A website has been established through a National Science Foundation-supported Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to help move these ideas into educational and outreach venues (2). A video laboratory manual is available on the website that provides step-by-step instructions in the form of videoclips. 

For a description of this discussion see J.K. Stine, Scientific instrumentation as an element of U. S. science policy National Science Foundation support of chemistry instrumentation, in R. Bud, S.E. Cozzens (eds.), Invisible Connections Instruments, Institutions, and Science (Bellingham SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1992), 238-263. 

The National Science Foundation support allowed a number of people to become involved in many different ways. The following attest to this. 

Once focused on the icosahedral hypothesis for the structure of C o, Smalley, Curl and Kroto learned that in 1970 Eiji Osawa (1936- ), at Hokkaido University, had explicitly postulated the existence of icosahedral Ceo and its aromatic stability (it has about 12,500 Kekule resonance structures). Russian researchers published Hiickel MO calculations on this symmetric molecule in 1973 and demonstrated its large HOMO-LUMO gap, so typical of a stable aromatic molecule. The distinguished organic chemist Orville L. Chapman had even obtained National Science Foundation support to explore its rational synthesis. No rational, step-... 

The SALS instrument used for this work was developed with National Science Foundation support under NSF DMR-0108976. Simultaneous SAXS and WAXS experiments were carried out at National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, which is supported by Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences and Chemical Sciences. The authors thank NIST for support of the use of beamline X27C. USAXS data was measured at beamline 33-ID at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Use of the Advanced Photon Source is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. W-31-109-Eng-38. We would also thank Dr. D. J. Lohse (ExxonMobil) for providing the copolymers. 

Marc A. Hillmyer received his BS in chemistry from the Univereity of Florida in 1989 and his PhD in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1994. After completing a postdoctoral research position in the University of Minnesota s Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science he joined the Chemistry faculty at Minnesota in 1997. He is currently a Distinguished Mc iight Univereity Professor and leads a research group focused on the synthesis and self-assembly of multifunctional polymers. In addition to his teaching and research responsibilities, Marc also serves as an associate editor for the ACS journal Macromolecules and is the director of the National Science Foundation supported Center for Sustainable Polymers at the University of Minnesota. 

The authors thank Y. Oono and M. Balsera for invaluable contributions to the joint development of SMD and J. Gullingsrud for many suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript. Images of molecular systems were produced with the program VMD (Humphrey et al., 1996). This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (PHS 5 P41 RR05969-04), the National Science Foundation (BIR-9318159, BIR 94-23827 (EQ)), and the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust. 

This work has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant MCB-9314854) and the U.S. National Institutes of Health s National Center for Research Resources (grant RR08102 to the UNC/Duke Computational Structural Biology Resource). 

TES gratefully acknowledges the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for support and the National Science Foundation for support (CHE-9632236) and computational resources at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (CHE-960010N). 

Department of Chemistry. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois dlSOh This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (GP 30491X) and the National Cancer Institute (CA 13963). 

Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, XashvUle, Tenn. 37235. This work was supported b - grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Health. 

Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. This research was conducted at The Ohio State University and supported in part by National Science Foundation, Grant No. 12445. 

Preparation of this article was supported by the National Science Foundation, Solid State Chemistry Program. 

This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant No. DMR-90-19868. 

The authors would like to thank Pascal Deprez, Martial Deruelle, David P. Smith, Matthew Tirrell, Alphonsus V. Pocius, and Frank S. Bates for their input on this subject over the course of the last several years. They would also like to thank 3M and the Center for Interfacial Engineering, a National Science Foundation sponsored engineering research center at the University of Minnesota, for financial support. 

The author is grateful to the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, the Army Research Office, Hercules and Cara Plastics for their generous support of this research. Particular thanks are extended to my graduate students and research associates for shouldering the brunt of the research. 

The research leading to the syntheses which are outlined in Part Two was generously supported over the years by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and Pfizer, Inc. 

Acknowledgements—This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the Robert A. Welch Foundation, and used equipment designed for study of fullerene-encapsulated catalysts supported by the Department of Energy, Division of Chemical Sciences. 

Acknowledgements—Financial support from the National Science Foundation, Grant No. DMR-9106374, is gratefully acknowledged. 

Acknowledgements—The author is most grateful to W. de Heer for invaluable discussions and advice. We are indebted to R. Monot and A. Chatelain for several useful remarks. We thank the Brazilian National Council of Science and Technology (CNPq) and Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support. 

Electron microscopy studies were performed at the Centre Interdepartamental de Microscopie Electronique (CIME), Ecole Polytechnique Fdddrale de Lausanne. We are grateful to the Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technologic Research (CNPq) and the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support. 

This work has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation (Grants CHE-9601971 and CHE-9813729), the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society (Grant No. ACS-PRF 31573-AC9), and a NATO Collaborative Research Grant (Grant HTECH.CRG972915). 

The author is indebted to J. Wittmer and Y. Rouault for valuable contributions to this work. This work was supported by the Bulgarian Scientific Foundation, Grant No. X-644/1996, and by the National Science Foundation of USA, Grant No. INT-940518. 

The authors thank D. H. Murray and E. J. Hedgley for samples of compounds 9 and 11, respectively. The support of grants GM-12328 and AI-07570 from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, is acknowledged by D. C. Dejongh. The mass spectrometer was purchased by Wayne State University under Grant CP-1476 from the National Science Foundation. 

Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Supported by the National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Participation Grant during the summer of 1964 and National Science Foundation Grant No. G-19490. 

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